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Core B: Updated > The endocrine system > Flashcards

The endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A system of hormones that controls many aspects of physiology and that work with different organs and all have different functions.

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2
Q

What is the endocrine system responsible for?

A

Regulating growth and development
Regulating reproductive system
Regulating internal environments of the body

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3
Q

Give the meaning of the word ‘gland’

A

Group of cells that makes chemicals such as hormones or enzymes

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4
Q

Give the meaning of the word hormone

A

Chemical messenger released into blood by endocrine gland that acts on a target tissue

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5
Q

What will exocrine glands do?

A

Release anything they produce into ducts or onto body surface

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6
Q

Give the components of the endocrine system

A

Pineal gland
Parathyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Pancreas

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7
Q

Give the role of the hypothalamus

A

Reponsible for body temp control and water balance. it contains most homeostaic mechanisms and controls pituitary and thyroid gland.

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8
Q

What two sections are the pituitary gland split into?

A

Posterior and anterior lobes

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9
Q

Give the role of the growth hormone

A

Stimulates muscle and bone cells to divide and stimulate intestines to absorb calcium and the pituitary gland is responsible for this

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10
Q

Give the role of the pineal gland

A

Produces melatonin that regulates sleep and body circadian rhythms

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11
Q

Give the meaning of the word ‘metabolism’

A

Describes all chemical reactions that take place in the body

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12
Q

What does metabolic rate mean?

A

Rate at which energy from food is transferred by metabolic reactions that take place in the body.

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13
Q

What 4 hormones are involved withinn thyroid function?

A

Thyrotropin-releasing-hormone (TRH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
triiodothyronine & thryoxine (T3 & T4)

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14
Q

What does the parathyroid secrete?

A

PTH that increases concentraton of C02 ions in blood and targets bone and kidneys

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15
Q

Give the role of G cells

A

Gastrin is released into the stomach and targets it stimulating the hydrochloric acid, digestive enzymes, stomach muscle contraction.

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16
Q

Give the role of the adrenal glands

A

Adrenaline is produced in the adrenal medulla and preps body for fight or flight response

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17
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

Works on sympathetic nervous system
Increases heart rate
Increases blood flow to the muscles and brain
Decreases blood flow to the gut and skin
Stimulates liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose
Dilates pupils

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18
Q

What is the pancreas endocrine function?

A

Islets of Langerhans that produces insulin and glucagon

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19
Q

What is the pancreas exocrine function?

A

Produces digestive enzymes that are taken to the duodenum via duct. The enzymes are inactive until they reach the small intestines.

20
Q

Thyroxine storage and role

A

In the thyroid and regulates metabolic rate

21
Q

Cortisol storage and role

A

Adrenal cortex
Response to stress and acts on the liver and muscle cells.

22
Q

Oestrogen storage and role

A

Ovaries
Involved in menstruation cycle regulation

23
Q

Testosterone storage and role

A

Testes
Sex organs

24
Q

Gastrin storage and role

A

Stomach
Several actions in digestion involving stomach and small intestines

25
Q

Growth hormone storage and role

A

Pituitary
Responsible for normal growth

26
Q

FSH storage and role

A

Secreated by pituitary gland and acts on ovaries.
Stimulates growth and developments of egg follicles during the first half of the menstral cycle.

27
Q

What are the kidneys in charge of doing?

A

Regulating water balance

28
Q

What happens if there is low water potential?

A

It leads to dehydration

29
Q

What happens if there is a high water potential?

A

The body becomes over-hydrated

30
Q

What is the amount of water lost in urine controlled by?

A

The hypothalamus through ADH

31
Q

What happens when water potential is low?

A

Hypothalamus stimulates release of ADH from posterior pituitary. ADH then causes more water to be absorbed by kidney and water potential returns to normal.

32
Q

What happens when water potential is too high?

A

Hypothalamus inhibits release of ADH and less water is reabsorbed by the kidney and reduces water potential to normal level

33
Q

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes?

A

Destruction of beta cells in the pancreas leading to insulin defiency caused by an autoimmune response.

34
Q

What is the cause of type 2 diabetes?

A

Insulin resistance so liver and muscle cells no longer respomd to insulin

35
Q

What are risk factors of type 2 diabetes?

A

Obesity
Lack of physical activity
Poor diet

36
Q

Give the meaning of hyperglycaemia

A

Blood glucose rises above normal level

37
Q

Give the meaning of hypoglycaemia

A

Blood glucose falls below normal

38
Q

What can type 1 diabetes lead to?

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

39
Q

What can happen long-term caused by type 2 diabetes?

A

Hyperglycaemia can damage small blood vessels leading to long-term complications

40
Q

Give complications of diabetes

A

Diabetic retinopathy - damage to capillaries in the retina
Diabetic neuropathy - damage to blood vessels supplying nerves
Diabetic kidney disease - damage to capillaries in the glomerulus
Increased risk of cardiovascular disease

41
Q

How can type 1 diabetes be treated?

A

By replacing missing insulin via injections

42
Q

How can type 2 and gestational diabetes be treated?

A

Lifestyle changes e.g. healthy eating and exercise

43
Q

What is advised for those with gestational diabetes?

A

To keep consumption of sugar, fat and salt to a minimum

44
Q

What does metformin do?

A

Treat high blood sugar levels and is taken as a tablet

45
Q

In some cases, how can gestational diabetes be treated?

A

Insulin injections if needed and other medications if these do not work adequately.

Core B: Updated (16 decks)

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