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Core B: Updated > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the cell surface membrane?

A

Control exit and entry of substances

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2
Q

What is the role of the nucleus?

A

Contains DNA

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3
Q

State the role of mitochondria

A

Aerobic respiration and responsible for making energy

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4
Q

State the role of ribosomes

A

Responsible for protein synthesis

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5
Q

State the role of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Responsible for protein packaging, lipid storage and synthesis.

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6
Q

State the role of the golgi apparatus and vesicles

A

Responsible for packaging of proteins for transports

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7
Q

State the role of the lysosomes

A

Digestive system of cells that breaks down worn out cell parts and invading microbes

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8
Q

State the role of centrioles

A

Involved during cell mitosis

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9
Q

Why are eukaryotic cells specialised?

A

To fulfill different functions controlled by which genes are expressed

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10
Q

When cells are considered eukaryotic?

A

Plant and animal cells

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11
Q

What cells are prokaryotic?

A

Bacteria

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12
Q

State the specialised function of erythrocytes

A

Lacks nuclei and other organelles for space for more haemoglobin
Biconcave shape
Efficient diffusion

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13
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells that differentiate to form specialised cells

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14
Q

State the specialised features of a neurone

A

They are highly specialised as they conduct electrical impulses

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15
Q

Give the specialised features of squamous epithelial cells

A

Flattened to support a basement membrane to make them well suited to exchange surfaces

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16
Q

Give the specialised features of sperm cells

A

Highly specialised as it enables them to deliver the haploid nucleus containing genetic information for Fertilisation.

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17
Q

Give the specialised features for a ova

A

Many layers to the ova

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18
Q

Give the specialised features of striated muscle cell

A

It is a striped appearance

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19
Q

Give the equation to calculate magnification

A

Size of image ÷ size or object

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20
Q

Give the equation to calculate size of image

A

Magnification × size of object

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21
Q

Give the equation to calculate the size of object

A

Size of image ÷ magnification

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22
Q

Give the definition of mitosis

A

Process in which new cells are produced for growth and replacing old or damaged cells

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23
Q

What are the different stages of mitosis?

A

Interphase
Propose
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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24
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

The DNA replicates to make two identical copies of each chromosome

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25
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromosomes become visible and nuclear envelope disappears

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26
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes arrange themselves at the center of the cell

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27
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Chromatids migrate to opposite poles of the cell

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28
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Two sets of chromosomes collect at opposite poles of the cell and nuclear membrane reforms

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29
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells

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30
Q

What are polynucleotides made of?

A

Polymers of nucleotides

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31
Q

What does each nucleotide contain?

A

5 carbon sugar, organic nitrogenous base and phosphate group

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32
Q

Give the components of DNA

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

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33
Q

What are nucleotides joined together by?

A

Phosphodiaster bonds between sugars

34
Q

What are phosphodiaster bonds between sugars sometimes referred to as?

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone

35
Q

How are phosphodiaster bonds formed?

A

In a condensation reaction

36
Q

Give the components of RNA

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil

37
Q

Why is simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis passive processes?

A

Because they do not require energy

38
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Non-polar substances can move into the phospholipid bilayer and diffuse across a membrane

39
Q

Why do polar substances require facilitated diffusion?

A

Because they cannot diffuse across a membrane

40
Q

Give the meaning of osmosis

A

Osmosis is when water molecules move across a partially permeable membrane from a high concentration of water molecules to a low concentration of water molecules.

41
Q

Active transport

A

Uses energy to move substances across a concentration gradient.

42
Q

Give the structure of DNA

A

Double helix where two long polynucleotide chains are wound around each other and help together by hydrogen bonds and complementary base pairs.

43
Q

What is a phospholipid made up of?

A

2 parts - hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

44
Q

Why is a phospholipid a barrier to diffusion?

A

The middle layer is hydrophobic

45
Q

What are enzymes?

A

biological catalysts that speed up key body reactions

46
Q

Give factors that affect the rate of exchange

A

Diffusion distance
Temperature
Metabolic rate

47
Q

What is a factor that must be correct in order for efficient gas exchange?

A

The surface area must be larger in comparison to the volume

48
Q

When can organisms not rely on simple diffusion?

A

When the surface area is smaller to the volume

49
Q

What are lipids used for in the body?

A

Thermal insulation for the body and physical protection as an energy source.

50
Q

What are proteins formed from?

A

Amino acids

51
Q

When amino acids are joined together, what do they form in a condensation reaction?

A

Peptide bond

52
Q

What happens when an amino acid and a peptide bond go together?

A

A polypeptide is produced

53
Q

Give the primary structure of a protein

A

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

54
Q

Give the secondary structure of a protein

A

Polypeptide chain can form various types of structure due to the way it is folded.

55
Q

Give the tertiary structure of a protein

A

it describes the three-dimensional shape

56
Q

Give the quaternary structure of a protein

A

Many functional proteins are made from two or more peptide chains

57
Q

Give the most basic unit of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

57
Q

What are monosaccharides composed of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

58
Q

When monosaccharides are in pairs, what do they produce?

A

Disaccharides

59
Q

What are proteins used in the body for?

A

Growth and repair

60
Q

True or false, Glycerol molecules are NOT hydrophilic

A

False

61
Q

True or false, fatty molecules are hydrophobic

A

True

62
Q

What are carbohydrates used for in the body?

A

Energy

63
Q

Give the bond between monosaccharides

A

Glycosidic bond

64
Q

How are triglycerides formed?

A

By a condensation reaction of one glycerol molecule and three molecules of fatty acids.

65
Q

How are phospholipids formed?

A

When one fatty acid of triglyceride is substituted by a phosphate-containing group.

66
Q

Give the definition of an antibody

A

Protein produced in response to specific antigen

67
Q

Give the definition of an antigen

A

Substances that trigger an immune response

68
Q

What is an antigen-presenting cell?

A

They present antigens to other cells to trigger a further immune response.

69
Q

Where are antigens usually found?

A

On the surface of the pathogen or body cells.

70
Q

What are T and B cells activated by?

A

Non-self antigens on pathogens or foreign cells.

71
Q

What does an activation of T cells lead to?

A

Cell-mediated response

72
Q

What do activation of B cells lead to?

A

Antibody-mediated response

73
Q

Cell-mediated response

A

Does not produce antibodies, the T cells destroy infected body cells.

74
Q

Antibody-mediated response

A

B cells produce antibodies that destroys pathogens

75
Q

Innate immunity

A

First line of defence that acts quickly

76
Q

What do memory cells lead to?

A

A stronger and more rapid response

77
Q

What is the difference between antigen drift and antigen shift?

A

Antigen drift occurs when a virus undergoes gradual change in genetic makeup that causes a different but similar virus.

Antigen shift occurs when a virus undergoes sudden change in genetic makeup creating a new strain.

78
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity

A

Antibodies made after exposure to infection

79
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

Antibodies transmitted via breastmilk from mother to baby.

Core B: Updated (16 decks)

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