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Anatomy 1 > The Neck > Flashcards

The Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neck a junction between?

A

head and thorax

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2
Q

What is the superior limit of the neck?

A

mandible and base of skull

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3
Q

What is the inferior limit of the neck?

A

thoracic inlet

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4
Q

Where is the thoracic inlet?

A

the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity.

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5
Q

What Is the thoracic inlet also referred to as?

A

superior thoracic aperture

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6
Q

What is the neck divided by anatomically?

A

sternocleidomastoid

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7
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

mastoid process

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8
Q

What is the distal attachment of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

sternum and clavicle

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9
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

sternocleidomastoid
midline of neck
mandible border

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10
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

sternocleidomastoid
trapezius muscle
middle 1/3 of clavicle

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11
Q

What are the contents of the anterior triangle?

A

glands
nerves
vessels
muscles
viscera
skeletal elements

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12
Q

What are the anterior triangle muscles?

A

strap muscles (infra hyoid)
mylohyoid
anterior belly of digastric

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13
Q

What are the strap muscles?

A

thyrohyoid: deep and lateral.
omohyoid: superficial and lateral.
sternohyoid: superficial and medial.
sternothyroid: deep and medial.

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14
Q

What skeletal elements are in the anterior triangle (cartilage and bone)?

A

thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
hyoid bone
trachea

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15
Q

What are the laryngeal cartilages?

A

cricoid, thyroid, epiglottis
arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform (paired)

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16
Q

What are the glands of the anterior triangle?

A

thyroid gland
submandibular gland
parathyroid gland

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17
Q

What is the thyroid gland enclosed in?

A

pre-tracheal fascia

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18
Q

What arteries supplies the thyroid gland?

A

Supplied by the superior (external carotid artery) and
inferior thyroid (thyrocervial trunk) arteries

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19
Q

What does the thyrocervial trunk arise from?

A

Thyrocervical trunk arises from the subclavian artery.

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20
Q

How to check if the thyroid gland is enlarged (goitre)?

A

asking the patient to swallow, when lightly pressing on the neck from behind the patient, will allow you to see if it is enlarged

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21
Q

What spinal region is the thyroid gland found in?

A

C5-T1

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22
Q

What do thyroid hormones do?

A

raise the basal metabolic rate
influences synthesis of proteins
responsible for nerve growth/development
essential for the development of cells in the body

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23
Q

What are the two lobes of the thyroid gland linked by?

A

isthmus

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24
Q

What is the pyramidal lobe in the thyroid gland?

A

embryological remnant of where the thyroid gland developed from in the floor of the mouth – at the foramen caecum of the tongue.

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25
Q

What population have more than 4 parathyroid glands?

A

5%

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26
Q

What is the function of the PTH?

A

raise calcium levels

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27
Q

How does PTH increase blood calcium?

A

1.Increasing absorption from the gut
2.Increasing reabsorption from the kidney
3.Increased activity of osteoblasts – break down bone and release calcium.

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28
Q

What are the nerves of the anterior triangle?

A

vagus
phrenic (c3, 4, 5)
hypoglossal

29
Q

What are the roles of the vagus nerve?

A

Motor – innervates the muscles of the larynx, pharynx and soft palate

Parasympathetic – smooth muscle of the trachea, bronchi (slows breathing), slows heart rate and increases gut motility

Special sensory fibres – innervation for taste sensation in the epiglottis and root of the tongue

General sensory – internal aspect of larynx and the ear canal. Also provides visceral sensory innervation to the heart and abdominal structures.

30
Q

What does the phrenic nerve to?

A

motor innervation of diaphragm
sensation to the diaphragm

31
Q

What are the vessels of the anterior triangle?

A

common carotid artery
jugular veins

32
Q

What are the arteries of the anterior triangle (7)?

A

superior thyroid
ascending pharyngeal
lingual
facial
occipital
posterior auricular
superficial temporal

33
Q

What are the veins of the posterior triangle (5)?

A

anterior jugular
retromandibular
external
internal
vertebral

34
Q

What are the contents of the posterior triangle?

A

nerves
muscles
vessels
lymph nodes

35
Q

What are the nerves of the posterior triangle?

A

Acessory nerve
Parts of brachial plexus
Cutaneous cervical plexus

36
Q

What are the parts of the accessory nerve?

A

upper, middle and lower fibres

37
Q

What segments does the trapezius cover?

A

C7-T12

38
Q

What does the accessory nerve supply?

A

sternoclediomastiod muscle
trapezius

39
Q

What spinal segments does the branchial plexus come from?

A

C5-T1

40
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Small oval to bean shaped structures.
They filter lymph.
Offer defence against the spread of infection.
Returned to larger veins.

41
Q

What do the superficial lymph nodes drain?

A

drain face, neck and scalp and pass to the superficial ring of lymph nodes at the junction of head and neck

42
Q

What do deep lymph nodes drain?

A

deep cervical lymph nodes. Left jugular lymphatic trunk passes to the thoracic duct ->left subclavian vein

43
Q

What are the nerve roots of the brachial plexus?

A

Ventral rami of C5-T1

44
Q

What is the purpose of the brachial plexus?

A

Sensory and motor innervation to the upper limb

45
Q

What are the terminal branches of the brachial plexus?

A

Musculocutaneous
axillary
median
ulnar
radial nerves

46
Q

When may the brachial plexus be commonly injured?

A

Upper roots can be damaged during child birth while the lower ones can be torn during overstretching of the upper limb e.g. falling from a tree and grabbing upwards onto a branch

47
Q

What is the nerve supply to the sternoclediomastiod and trapezius?

A

accessory

48
Q

What does sternocleidomastoid do on its own (i.e. left sternocleidomastoid or right sternocleidomastoid), and what do they do acting together?

A

On its own rotation of the head towards the opposite side and superior rotation of the head. Joint contraction with the left and right results in flexion of the neck

49
Q

What is torticollis?

A

Excess contraction or shortening of sternocleidomastoid

50
Q

What fibres (e.g. sensory, motor, autonomic) are in the phrenic nerve?

A

Motor to diaphragm
sensory to the mediastinal pleura, diaphragmatic peritoneum and pericardium

51
Q

The phrenic nerve used to be sectioned up until the 1950’s for TB. Why is this not the practice now for TB?

A

Paralysis of the diaphragm resulted in excessive secretions in the lung due to poor respiration resulting in pneumonia.

There are very effective anti-TB drugs available

52
Q

What do the two major branches of the common carotid artery supply?

A

Internal carotid artery supplies the brain and the external carotid artery supplies the head eg face, scalp and neck structures

53
Q

At what cervical level does the common carotid artery bifurcate?

A

C4/5

54
Q

Why does stenosis (blockage) occur at the bifurcation?

A

Excess turbulence occurs at the bifurcation due to the change of direction of blood hitting against the superior aspect of the split damaging the intimal lining

55
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve supply?

A

Genioglossus, hyoglossus and styloglossus

56
Q

When may the hypoglossal nerve be partially sectioned to reinnervate another nerve close by?

A

Facial paralysis less than 1 year old not resolving i.e. hypoglossal-facial anastomosis

57
Q

What problem can occur with hypoglossal-facial anastomosis?

A

Contraction of both facial and tongue muscles. Intense physiotherapy is undertaken and facial injection of botulinum toxin (botox)!

58
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

59
Q

Why are the secretions produced by thyroid gland important?

A

Essential for normal neural and growth development

60
Q

What is the arterial supply of the thyroid gland?

A

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

61
Q

What emergency procedure is undertaken between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages?

A

Cricothyroidotomy for emergency airway access

62
Q

What comprises the “strap” muscles?

A

Sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid

63
Q

What is the function of the “strap” muscles?

A

Depression of the hyoid bone in swallowing

64
Q

What is the function of the digastric muscle?

A

Opens the jaw

65
Q

Where does the submandibular gland open into the oral cavity?

A

Opposite the lingual frenulum

66
Q

What does the vagus nerve supply?

A

Pharyngeal musculature and parasympathetic innervation to the heart, lungs, GI tract

67
Q

What are the main branches of the vagus nerve?

A

Superior laryngeal (external and internal branches) and the recurrent laryngeal nerves

68
Q

What nerve fibres are in the vagus nerve?

A

motor, parasympathetic

Anatomy 1 (18 decks)

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