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Anatomy 1 > Head and Neck 1 > Flashcards

Head and Neck 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 cranial bones?

A

Ethmoid (1)
Frontal (1)
Occipital (1)
Parietal (2)
Sphenoid (1)
Temporal (2)

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2
Q

What are the 14 facial bones?

A

Maxilla (2)
Mandible (1)
Vomer (1)
Lacrimal (2)
Zygoma (2)
Nasal (2)
Inferior nasal concha (2)
Palatine (2)

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3
Q

What are the cranial sutures?

A

Coronal
Sagittal
Lambdoid

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4
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

the space where 2 sutures join forms a membrane-covered “soft spot” called a fontanelle

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5
Q

When do fontanelles close in babies?

A

1 year and half (18 months)

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6
Q

What bones form the cranial base?

A

Ethmoid
Frontal
Sphenoid
Temporal (petrous part)
Occipital

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7
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

surrounded by the occipital bone
hole (foramen) that allows a passage of the central nervous system through the skull connecting the brain with the spinal cord.

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8
Q

Where does increased pressure on the occipital bone go?

A

presses on the foramen magnum

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9
Q

What comprises the cranial vault (top of skull)?

A

Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone (squamous part)

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10
Q

What is the pterion and why is it important?

A

The junction where the frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones are in close proximity is the pterion. The clinical consequences of a skull fracture in this area can be very serious. The bone in this area is particularly thin

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11
Q

What artery is responsible for a extradural haemorrhage?

A

middle meningeal artery

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12
Q

What is the thinnest bone in the body?

A

lacrimal

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13
Q

What is the nasal septum composed of?

A

ethmoid, cartilage, vomer

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14
Q

Where does the blood supply to the head and neck arise?

A

common carotid artery

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15
Q

What artery supplies the extra-cranial structures?

A

external carotid artery

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16
Q

What does the external carotid artery branch into?

A

Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior Auriculear
Maxillary
Superficial Temporal

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17
Q

What pneumonic creates the 8 branches of the ECA?

A

Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students

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18
Q

What does the superior thyroid supply?

A

supplies the thyroid gland, cricothyroid muscles, a part of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the upper larynx.

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19
Q

What does the ascending pharyngeal supply?

A

supplies pharyngeal constrictors, stylopharyngeus, soft palate, palatine tonsil, eustachian tube, dura mater, hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal, vagus nerves.

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20
Q

What does the lingual artery supply?

A

supplies tongue, sublingual gland, gingiva, and oral mucosa of the floor of the mouth

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21
Q

What does the facial artery supply?

A

supplies muscles and skin of the face

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22
Q

What does the occipital artery supply?

A

muscles of the posterior neck, sternocleidomastoid muscle, posterior skin of neck and ear

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23
Q

What does the posterior auricular artery supply?

A

supplies majority of the ear and the scalp posterior to the ear.

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24
Q

What does the maxillary artery supply?

A

supplies deep structures of the face including the mandible, pterygoid, infratemporal fossa and segments of the pterygopalatine fossa.

25
Q

What does the superficial temporal artery supply?

A

supplies skin and muscles at the side of the face and in the scalp, parotid gland, temporomandibular joint

26
Q

What does the internal jugular vein drain?

A

drains the cerebrum, the inside of the skull and most of the external structures of the head and neck

27
Q

What forms the external jugular vein?

A

posterior auricular vein (draining the area of the scalp superior and posterior to the ear) and the posterior branch of the retromandibular vein (which is formed by the maxillary and superficial temporal veins and drains the face).

28
Q

What are the 6 veins that drain the head into the internal?

A

Facial Vein
Maxillary Vein
Lingual Vein
Occipital Vein
Superior and Middle Thyroid Veins

29
Q

Why is pulse easily detected on the superficial arteries?

A

they pass a bony prominence

30
Q

What is the normal heart rate?

A

60-80 bpm

31
Q

Where can pulse be detected?

A

temporal pulse (near the ear, at temples)
carotid pulse (underneath ear)
facial (on jaw near chin)

32
Q

What cranial nerves supply the head?

A

trigmingal (V)
facial (VII)
glossopharyngeal (IX)
hypoglossal (XII)

33
Q

What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)
Maxillary nerve (CN V2)
Mandibular nerve (CN V3)

34
Q

What are the branches of the ophthalmic nerve?

A

main branches
frontal nerve (supratrochlear, supraorbital)
lacrimal nerve
nasociliary nerve

35
Q

What does the ophthalmic supply and what type?

A

purely sensory
Forehead and scalp
Upper eyelid and its conjunctiva
Cornea
Lacrimal gland
Frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses
Dorsum of the nose
Parts of the meninges and tentorium cerebelli (recurrent tentorial branch)

36
Q

What does the maxillary nerve supply and what type?

A

sensory
Lower eyelid
Inferior posterior portion of the nasal cavity (superior anterior is CNV1)
Cheeks and maxillary sinus
Lateral nose
Upper lip, teeth and gingiva
Superior palate

37
Q

What does the mandibular supply and what type?

A

mixed sensory and motor

sensory to the facial skin in the lower third of the face, including the chin and lower lip
Inferior row of teeth and gingiva
The anterior two thirds of the tongue (general)

motor to masseter, medial and lateral pterygoids, temporalis (muscles of mastication)

38
Q

Who was the most famous contributor to anatomic and functional knowledge of the face?

A

Charles Bell

39
Q

What is the basis of that pathology bells palsy?

A

Idiopathic, generally related to inflammation of the stylomastoid foramen (where the facial nerve leaves the skull)

40
Q

Where does the facial nerve leave the skull?

A

stylomastoid foramen

41
Q

What is the nerve supply of the temporalis muscle?

A

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

42
Q

What other significant function does the trigeminal nerve have in relation to the face?

A

Sensory innervation to the majority of the face

43
Q

How would you clinically test the integrity of temporalis and its related nerve supply?

A

Clench teeth, palpating over the temporal region

44
Q

How would you clinically test the integrity of buccinator and its related nerve supply?

A

puff out cheeks in closed mouth

45
Q

What common clinical condition affects the function of the buccinator, and how would that manifest in day-to-day function?

A

Stroke (cerebrovascular accident) causing patient to be unable to keep food in centre of oral cavity, and therefore drools.

46
Q

What additional gland can be found anterior to the main parotid gland, along the line of the parotid duct?

A

Accessory parotid gland – occurs in approx. 20% of patients

47
Q

Name three structures that pass through the parotid gland?

A

facial nerve, retromandibular vein and external carotid artery

48
Q

What pathologies may affect the parotid gland, and how may they manifest clinically?

A

Mumps, parotid tumours, inflammatory conditions (parotitis). May cause facial muscle weakness or paralysis

49
Q

What are the two components of the orbicularis oculi?

A

Palpebral and orbital parts

50
Q

What is the function of the components of orbiculares oculi?

A

Palpebral part is for soft closure of the eyelids eg blinking and the orbital part is for stronger closure of the eye as in scrunching

51
Q

What is the nerve supply of orbicularis oculi?

A

Temporal (upper part) and zygomatic (lower part) branches of the facial nerve

52
Q

If the nerve supply to orbicularis oculi was to be paralysed, what would the functional consequences be for the patient?

A

corneal dryness, corneal irritation and sometimes corneal ulcers

53
Q

What are the attachments of the masseter?

A

Zygomatic arch and ramus of the mandible

54
Q

What nerve supplies masseter?

A

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

55
Q

How would you test for the integrity of masseter?

A

ask patient to clench teeth

56
Q

What are the main 5 branches of the facial nerve arising from the anterior border of the parotid gland called?

A

Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular and cervical

57
Q

What broad sets of muscles does each of these facial branches supply on the face?

A

Temporal supplies frontalis and upper eye muscles (orbicularis oculi), corrugater supercilla

zygomatic supplies zygomatic muscles and orbiculares oculi

buccal supplies buccinator, orbicularis Oris

marginal mandibular supplies the depressors of the mouth

cervical supplies platysma

58
Q

What bone in the base of the skull does the facial nerve pass through

A

Petrous temporal bone

59
Q

What is the recommended treatment of bells palsy?

A

Acyclovir and prednisolone

Anatomy 1 (18 decks)

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