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Anatomy 1 > Large Intestine > Flashcards

Large Intestine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three parts of the large intestine?

A

caecum, colon, rectum

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2
Q

Where is the appendix?

A

near the caecum

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3
Q

What is the appendix?

A

small tube that attaches to the caecum, no function and non-essential

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4
Q

What parts of the large intestine are intraperitoneal?

A

caecum
sigmoid
transverse

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5
Q

What structure is between the ileum and the caecum and what is it’s function?

A

ileocaecal valve. prevents reflux of large bowel contents into the ileum during peristalsis and is thought to function passively.

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6
Q

What are the four parts of the colon?

A

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

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7
Q

What is the 90 degree point in the colon that is closest to the liver called?

A

hepatic flexure (right colic flexure)

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8
Q

What is the 90 degree point in the colon furthest from the liver called?

A

splenic flexure (left colic flexure)

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9
Q

Is there villi in the large intestine?

A

no

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10
Q

What are the 3 bands of smooth muscles running longitudinally outside the ascending, transverse, and descending colon?

A

taenia coli

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11
Q

What are circumferential contractions of the inner muscular layer of the colon called?

A

haustrations

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12
Q

What is appendices epiploicae?

A

Pouches of peritoneum filled with fat mainly on the transverse and sigmoid colon, though not the rectum

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13
Q

What is haustra?

A

Contraction of the teniae coli exerts pressure on the wall and creates a series of pouches, called haustra

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14
Q

What does the rectum temporarily store?

A

faeces

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15
Q

Where does the rectum terminate?

A

anal canal

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16
Q

What are the differences between the colon and rectum?

A

rectum has an absence of taenia coli, haustra, and omental appendices.

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17
Q

Where in the rectum does the movement of faeces occur?

A

the rectal valves

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18
Q

What are the internal hemorrhoidal plexus?

A

collection of veins in rectum. these veins communicate directly between the portal and systemic venous system. Any drugs given rectally can act much quicker by bypassing metabolism by passing through the gut.

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19
Q

What is used to diagnose large intestine and rectum issues and how does it work?

A

barium enemas is used, filling the large intestine with diluted barium liquid while X-ray images are being taken.

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20
Q

What is the ileocaecal valve and what does it allow?

A

fold of mucosa that allows chyme to pass from small intestine to large intestine but not vice versa

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21
Q

What is the layers and glands of the large intestine?

A

simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells with crypts of liberkuhn (glands of intestinal juice) and mucous glands. lamina propria, muscularis mucosae,
submucosa (meissner’s plexus)
muscularis propria
muscularis externa (auerbach’s plexus)
serosa

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22
Q

What are the difference between the lining of the small intestine and the large intestine?

A

large intestine has no villi
has taenia coli
has haustra
has omental appendices

23
Q

What are crypts covered by and what do they secrete?

A

covered by epithelium of 2 types – goblet cells which secrete mucous and enterocytes that secrete water and electrolytes.

24
Q

Describe the internal anal sphincter

A

made up of smooth muscle
contractions are involuntary

25
Q

Describe the external anal sphincter

A

made up of skeletal muscle which is under voluntary control

26
Q

What does the colon absorb?

A

fluid and electrolytes from chyme coming from small intestine.

27
Q

What condition does failure of the colon to absorb called?

A

diarrhoea

28
Q

What is the large intestine’s resident microbial population called?

A

intestinal bacterial flora

29
Q

What are the roles of bacterial flora?

A

ferment dietary fibre (cellulose) and lipid
produce gases (flatus)
synthesise vitamins (B complex, K)

30
Q

What does vitamin B complex do?

A

8 different types of B vitamins, direct impact on energy levels, brain function and cell metabolism. Vitamin B complex helps prevent infections and good for cell health, growth of red blood cells and nerve function.

31
Q

What does vitamin K do?

A

fat soluble, and is needed for blood clotting, and helping wounds to heal.

32
Q

Where does most large intestine motley occur?

A

caecum and ascending colon

33
Q

What are the two types of movement in the large intestine?

A

peristalsis and mass movement

34
Q

Describe peristalsis in the large intestine

A

short range waves in the transverse and descending colon
propels faecal matter towards the rectum

35
Q

Describe mass movements in the large intestine

A

infrequent contractions
usually after meals in gastro-colic reflex
moves chyme/faeces from caecum to rectum
rectal distension associated with desire to defaecate

36
Q

What is defection?

A

the involuntary reflex ejection of faecal matter from rectum via anal canal

37
Q

What muscle is the rectum and internal anal sphincter?

A

smooth

38
Q

What nervous system controls the rectum and internal anal sphincter?

A

ANS

39
Q

What type of muscle is the external anal sphincter?

A

skeletal striated muscle that is voluntary

40
Q

What is ileostomy?

A

when the proximal end of the ileum is brought out through the abdominal wall and the faecal matter is collected in a bag

41
Q

What is colostomy?

A

when the proximal end of the colon is brought out through the abdominal wall and the faecal matter is collected in a bag

42
Q

What is a stoma?

A

the opening made in an ileostomy/ colostomy

43
Q

When would a ileostomy/colostomy be needed?

A

cancer, ibd

44
Q

What is diarrhoea characterised by?

A

excessively watery stool

45
Q

What is diarrhoea mostly caused by?

A

GIT infections

46
Q

What does diarrhoea indicate?

A

failure of fluid absorption

47
Q

What are the results of diarrhoea?

A

dehydration, electrolyte imbalance

48
Q

What is constipation characterised by?

A

hard stool

49
Q

What is constipation due to?

A

increased absorption

50
Q

What drugs may cause constipation?

A

opiates

51
Q

What is constipation associated with?

A

gastrointestinal spasm

52
Q

What artery supplies the large intestine?

A

superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery

53
Q

What veins drain the large intestine?

A

inferior and superior mesenteric join to the hepatic portal vein

Anatomy 1 (18 decks)

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