Bones and Joints Flashcards
How many bones are in the human body?
206
How many bones in the hand and wrist?
How many bones in the foot and ankle?
27
26
What is the head of the bone called and what is the shaft called?
epiphysis
diaphysis
What are the types of joints?
synovial
fibrous
cartilaginous
What are the characteristics of synovial joints?
Extensive movement, smooth cartilage synovial fluid in a capsule.
What are the characteristics of fibrous joints?
No synovial cavity. Joint held together by dense connective tissue. no movement
What are the characteristics of cartilaginous joints?
No synovium, little movement held together by cartilage.
Where are fibrous joints found?
skull
Where are cartilaginous joints found?
pelvis
What are synovial joints made of?
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
Marginal (fibro) cartilage
Synovial fluid in cavity surrounded by capsule
Ligaments
Tendons
Bone
Muscle
What are active stabilisers?
Musculo tendinous support ( active stabilisers) - tendons, muscles
What is a passive stabiliser?
ligament
What does the joint cavity contain?
the synovial fluid
When does the anterior fontanelle close?
9-18 months
When does the posterior fontanelle close?
1-2 months or at birth
What is a syndesmosis?
fibrous joint between two bones and linked by ligaments and a strong membrane
What are qualities of a syndesmosis?
Greater distance between articular surface
More dense connective tissue
Distal tibia and fibula
What is a symphysis?
a type of cartilaginous joint
Describe a symphysis (secondary cartilaginous)
Bone ends covered by hyaline cartilage, disc of fibrocartilage in between
e.g pelvis, sternum, ribs
What joint type has little movement?
cartilaginous
What is a synchondrosis/ primary cartilaginous joint?
type of cartilaginous jointwherehyaline cartilage completely joins together two bones.
How are synchondroses different to symphyses?
Symphyses are formed offibrocartilage.
Synchondroses are formed of hyaline cartilage
Synchondroses are immovable joints and are thus referred to as synarthroses.
Where are the permanent synchondroses?
1st sternocostal joint
Where are the temporary synchondroses?
epiphyseal plates
junction between the diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (end) of a long bone, where bone growth occurs
What are the sections of the vertebral column?
cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5
sacrum - 5
How many paired ribs are there?
12
Where do spinal nerves exit the vertebral canals?
vertebral foramina
What contains the spinal cord?
intervertebral foramen
What are the limits of the thorax?
1st thoracic vertebra, 1st rib and then manubrium of sternum; inferior limit diaphragm
What is the pectoral girdle?
bones which connect to the arm on each side – this is the clavicle (collar bone) and the scapula (shoulder blade)
What is the sternal angle used for?
Useful for counting ribs inferiorly and laterally for chest drain insertion, for patient’s with pneumothorax or fluid (effusion)
Where are the costochondral joints?
between the costal cartilage and the ribs.
Where is the sternal angle?
2nd rib
What are the ribs and how are they classified? ( false, floating etc)
Ribs 1-7 true ribs – their costal cartilage links directly with the sternum
8-10 false ribs, the costal cartilages are attached to the cartilage of the next higher rib.
11-12 ribs - floating ribs(vertebral ribs). These are short ribs that do not attach to the sternum at all. Instead, their small costal cartilages terminate within the musculature of the lateral abdominal wall.
What is the intercostal space?
space between ribs
What bones form the hip?
superior pubic ramus
inferior pubic ramus
left pubic
right pubic
ischium
What joint is between the pelvic bones?
symphysis pubis
Where does the head of the humerus fit?
glenoid fossa
What is the glenoid fossa?
the socket of the shoulder joint
What is the scapula?
The scapula or shoulder blade is the bone that connects the clavicle to the humerus.
What is the acromion and what does it form?
the top outer edge of your scapula (shoulder blade). It forms the acromioclavicular joint with your clavicle (collarbone)
What is supination?
When your palm or forearm faces up,
What is pronation?
When your palm or forearm faces down
What does the ulnar nerve transmit and what is it responsible for?
responsible for sensation in the fourth and fifth fingers (ring and pinky) of the hand, part of the palm and the underside of the forearm.
What are the bones of the hand?
14 phalanges
5 metacarpals
8 carpals
What is the thigh called?
femur
What bones is the acetabulum socket formed by?
the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
What do the femoral condyles function as?
shock absorber for the knee.
Where are the medial and lateral femoral condyles located?
at the end of the femur
What is the patella?
kneecap
What are the bones of the lower leg?
fibula
tibia
What is the calcaneus?
heel bone
What is the malleolus (medial and lateral) ?
bony prominence on each side of the human ankle.
What are the bones of the foot?
14 phalanges
5 metatarsals
7 tarsal bone
