The Musculoskeletal System - Applied Anatomy and Physiology (Paper 1) Flashcards
What are the three types of joints
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Fibrous joints are…
Fixed
Cartilaginous joints are….
Slightly moveable joints
Synovial joints are….
Freely movable joints
What does articulating bones refer to
The bones that meet and move at the joint
What is a ball and socket joint
Allows movement in every direction
What is a hinge joint
-Allows movement in only one direction
Give an example of a ball and socket joint
Hip and Shoulder
Give an example of a hinge joint
Ankle, Knee, Elbow
What is the Saggital plane
vertical plane which divides the body into right and left halves
What is the frontal plane
- a vertical plane that divides the body onto front and back halves
What is the transverse plane
A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves
Give an example of movements in the Sagittal plane
Extension and Flexion
Plantar- Flexion and Dorsi - Flexion
Hyper - Extension
Give an example of movement in the frontal plane
abduction and adduction
Give an example of movements in the transverse plane
Horizontal Abduction
Horizontal Adduction
Rotation
Give an example of movement in the transverse axis
Extension and flexion
Give an example of movement in the saggital axis
Abduction and adduction
Give an example of movement in the longitudinal axis
Rotation
What axis will always be paired with the saggital plane
Transverse axis
What axis will always be paired with the frontal plane
Saggital axis
What axis will always be paired up with the transverse plane
Longitudinal axis
How does the transverse axis run
From side to side across the body
How does the saggital axis run
From front to back
How does the longitudinal axis run
From top to bottom
Which movements occur in a saggital plane about a transverse axis
- Flexion, extension
- plantar flexion, dorsi flexion
- hyper-extension
What movements occur in a frontal plane about a saggital axis
Abduction and adduction
What movements occur in a transverse plane about a longitudinal axis
Horizontal abduction and horizontal adduction
What is flexion
Decreasing the angle between the bones of a joint
What is extension
Increasing the angle between bones of a joint
What is plantar flexion
Pointing the toes/pushing up on to your toes
What is dorsi flexion
Pulling the toes up to the shin
What is hyper extension
Increasing the angle beyond 180° between the bones of a joint
What is abduction
A movement away from the midline of the body
What is adduction
A movement towards the midline of the body
What is horizontal abduction
Movement of the body part backwards across the body to abduction
What is horizontal adduction
The movement of the body part forwards across the body at 90° to adduction
Define agonist
The muscle that is responsible for the movement that is occurring, the muscle which contracts whilst the movement happens
Define antagonist
The muscle that works in opposition to the agonist, the muscle that is relaxing while a movement happens
Can there be more than one agonist
Yes there can although this does depend on the type of movement that is being performed
What is the iliopsoas also known as
The hip flexors
What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : Elbow flexion
Agonist: Biceps
Antagonist: Triceps
What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : Elbow extension
Agonist: Triceps
Antagonist: Biceps
What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : Ankle plantar-flexion
Agonist: Gastrocnemius
Antagonist: Tibialis anterior
What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : Ankle dorsi flexion
Agonist: tibialis anterior
Antagonist: gastrocnemius
What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : Knee flexion
Agonist: hamstring
Antagonist: quadriceps
What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : Knee extension
Agonist: quadriceps
Antagonist: hamstrings
What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : Hip flexion
Agonist: hip flexors
Antagonist: gluteals
What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : hip extension/hyper extension
Agonist: gluteals
Antagonist: hip flexors
What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : hip adduction
Agonist: adductors
Antagonist: gluteus medius
What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : hip abduction
Agonist: gluteus medius
Antagonist: adductors
What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : hip horizontal adduction
Agonist: Adductors
Antagonist: gluteus medius / minimus
What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : hip horizontal abduction
Agonist: gluteus medius / minimus
Antagonist: adductors
What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : shoulder flexion
Agonist: anterior deltoid
Antagonist: latissimus dorsi
What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : shoulder extension/hyper extension
Agonist: latissimus dorsi
Antagonist: anterior deltoid
What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : shoulder horizontal abduction
Agonist: latissimus dorsi
Antagonist: pectorals
What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : shoulder horizontal adduction
Agonist: pectorals
Antagonist: latissimus dorsi
What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : shoulder adduction
Agonist: posterior deltoid/latissimus dorsi
Antagonist: middle deltoid
What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : shoulder abduction
Agonist: middle deltoid
Antagonist: posterior deltoid/latissimus dorsi
What is a concentric contraction
When a muscle shortens under tension
E.g. elbow flexion, biceps brachii is the agonist
What is eccentric contraction
When a muscle lengthens under tension or performs negative work and acts like a brake
E.g. triceps lengthen under tension, acts like a brake in the middle of a push up
What is a isometric contraction
When a muscle is under tension but there is no visible movement
E.g. muscles are contracting in plank but no visible movement
What is a isotonic contraction
When a muscles length changes to create a movement
Two types: concentric and eccentric
