Sport Psychology Flashcards
Define personality
A predisposition to behave in a certain way in certain situations
According to train theory, personality is ___________
Inherited/genetic
Why can trait theory of personality be scrutinised?
It does not take into account the effects of the environment
Give 3 characteristics of an introvert
- Shy
- Prefer isolation
- Prefer individual sports
Give 3 characteristics of an extrovert
- Outgoing
- Interacts well with others
- Prefers teams sports
According to social learning theory, personality is __________
Learnt
According to social learning a theory, a performer 1.____________ and 2.____________ their role models behaviour.
- Observes
- Imitates
How can social learning theory be scrutinised?
It does not take genetics into account
According to social learning theory of personality, when is a performer more likely to imitate behaviour?
If it is reinforced
What does interactionist theory of personality state?
B = F(PE)
Behaviour is a function of personality and the environment
According to interactionist theory, when the environment is stable _______________
Behaviour remains constant
What is interactionist theory of personality a combination of?
trait and social learning theory
When would an observation be high in validity?
If the performer is in their natural environment
When would an observation be low in validity?
If the performer knows that they are being watched
Is an observation low or high in validity? Why?
Low - the observer may see different results in every observation
What kind of data does an observation collect?
Subjective
Is an observation time efficient or time consuming?
Time consuming
Are questionnaires high or low in reliability? Why?
- High
- The same results will be given each time
What kind of data is collected in a questionnaire?
Objective
Is a questionnaire time efficient or time consuming?
Time efficient
Is a questionnaire high or low in validity? Why?
- Low
- The subject may give socially desirable answers
Do interviews have higher or lower validity that a questionnaire? Why?
- Higher
- Participants can expand on answers
Are interviews time efficient of time consuming?
Time consuming
What does POMS stand for?
Profile of mood states
What is POMS used as part of?
Talent identification programmes
How many emotions does POMS measure?
6
Which emotions does POMS measure
Tension, depression, anger, vigour, fatigue and confusion
POMS: What does Tom despise?
Aston Villa Football Club
POMS: What kind of profile does an elite athlet show?
An iceberg profile
POMS: What does an elite athlete have high levels of?
Vigour
POMS: What kind of profile does a non-elite performer show?
A flat line distribution
Define attitude
A set of beliefs, feeling and values that pre-dispose an individual to behave in a certain way towards an attitude object
Once an attitude is formed, which model is it stored in?
Triadic model
Name the 3 components of the triadic model
- Cognitive
- Affective
- Behavioural
Define the cognitive component of the triadic model
The way the performer thinks about an attitude obeject
Define the affective component of the triadic model
The way the performer feels about an attitude object
Define the behavioural component of the triadic model
The way the performer acts towards an attitude object
Name 3 theories of how an attitude can be formed
- Past experiences
- Conditioning
- Social learning theory
Attitude formation: Explain past experiences
A positive experience of an attitude leads to the formation of a sporting/unsporting attitude
Attitude formation: Explain conditioning
If the performer is praised for an attitude, they will develop that sporting/unsporting attitude
Attitude formation: Social learning theory
The performer will observe and imitate a role model’s sporting/unsporting attitude
Name 2 ways that an attitude can be changed
- Cognitive dissonance
- Persuasive communication
What does cognitive dissonance aim to do
- Change attitudes
- By causing conflict in the performer’s mind
- By changing one component of the triadic model
Cognitive dissonance: Explain how a coach can change the cognitive component of the triadic model
Provide evidence to show that training can benefit perofrmance
Cognitive dissonance: How can a coach change the affective component of the triadic model
Vary training methods
Cognitive dissonance: How can a coach change the behavioural component of the triadic model
Offer tangible and intangible rewards
Name the 4 factors that effect persuasive communication
- Status of the messenger
- Quality of the message
- Timing of the message
- Individual’s resistance to change
Persuasive communication: Explain status of the messenger
The higher the status of the messenger, the more likely the individual is to change
Persuasive communication: Explain the quality of the message
Factual, objective information is more effective than subjective information
Persuasive communication: Explain the timing of the message
A message should be given as soon as a poor attitude is shown
Persuasive communication: Explain individual resistance to change
The higher the resistance, the less likely an individual is to change
Name 3 types of goals that can be set by a coach
- Outcome goals
- Performance goals
- Process goals
Define an outcome goal
Based on the end result
What is the benefit of an outcome goal
- Achieving it increases motivation and self-efficacy
- It can lead to approach behaviour
Name 2 drawbacks of an outcome goal
- The end result is out of the performer’s full control
- Repeated failure can lead to demotivation
- Repeated failure may cause avoidance behaviour
Define performance goals
The performer is judged against themselves , regardless of the end result
Define process goals
Focussed on tactics and techniques
What is the benefit of process goals?
Effective process goals can aid performance and outcome goals
What are the 5 characteristics of effective goal setting?
Specific
Measurable
Agreed
Realistic
Time-phased
Effective goal setting: Explain specific
The goal must be relevant to the performer’s role and event
Effective goal setting: Define measurable
Use objective measures to dictate if a goal has been achieved
Effective goal setting: Define agreed
The goal must be agreed between the coach and performer
Effective goal setting: Define Realistic
The goal should be within the performer’s physical capability
Effective goal setting: Define time-phased
The coach should set short, medium and long-term goals
Define arousal
Arousal is a state of activation and readiness to perform
Define cognitive arousal
A state of psychological activation and readiness to perform
Define somatic arousal
A state of physiological activation and readiness to perform
Drive theory: There is a _____________ ___________________ between arousal and performance
Positive correlation
Drive theory: As arousal increases, effort levels increase and the performer shows their ___________ ______________
Dominant response
Drive theory: An autonomous performer has a _________ _____________ dominant response
Well-learnt
Drive theory: For a cognitive performer, what happens as arousal increases?
Performance decrease because their dominant response is not well learnt
Drive theory: For an autonomous performer, what happens as arousal increases?
Performance increase because their dominant response is well learnt
Describe the inverted U theory of arousal
As arousal increase, effort increase and performance increases until the performer reaches optimum levels
What dose optimum levels of arousal give?
Optimum levels of performance
What are a cognitive performer’s optimum level of arousal like? Why?
- Low
- Their dominant response is not well learnt, so they are required to concentrate on the task
What is an autonomous performer’s optimum level of arousal?
High
What is the optimum level of arousal for a golf putt? Why?
- Low
- It is a fine motor skill
Define the term cognitive anxiety
Psychological anxiety
Define somatic anxiety
Physiological anxiety
Define competitive trait anxiety
The performer perceives all competitive situation as threatening
Define competitive state anxiety
The performer perceives certain competitive situations as threatening
What is the relationship between arousal and anxiety?
As arousal increases, anxiety also increases
When does cognitive state anxiety increase in relation to performance?
Up to a week before
When does cognitive anxiety peak in relation to performance
At the start of the event
What happens to cognitive state anxiety during performance? Why?
It fluctuates depending on performance
When does somatic state anxiety increase in relation to performance?
An hour before
When does somatic state anxiety peak in relation to performance
At the start of performance
What happens to somatic state anxiety during performance?
It changes dependant on cognitive anxiety
Give an example of a physiological measure of stress
Heart rate monitors
Nam 3 cognitive stress management techniques
- Mental rehearsal/visualisation
- Thought stopping
- Positive self-talk
How many types of mental rehearsal are there? What are they?
2
Internal and external
When should thought stopping be used?
When negative thoughts occur
What is thought stopping
The use of a key cue or word
What does anxiety do to attention?
Re-directs it from the cause of anxiety to the external stimulus
When should positive-self talk be used?
When negative thoughts occur
What is positive self-talk?
Where the performer replaces negative thoughts with positive statements about performance
Name 3 somatic stress management techniques
- Biofeedback
- Centring/deep breathing
- Progressive muscular relaxation
What is biofeedback?
The use of a physiological measuring device
What does biofeedback allow a performer to do?
Recognise and control the causes of anxiety
What does centring involve?
Deep breathing and a mantra
What is centring usually used alongside?
Progressive muscular relaxation
What is progressive muscular relaxation?
The performer breathes in, contracts their muscles, holds the contraction and then relaxes the muscles and breathes out
What is progressive muscular relaxation used alongside?
Centring/deep breathing
Define motivation
A drive to succeed
Define intrinsic motivation
A drive to succeed from within
What does intrinsic motivation lead to?
Self-fulfilment and a sense of control over performance
Define extrinsic motivation
A drive to succeed from an external source
What can be offered as a way of improving extrinsic motivation?
Rewards
Identify the two types of rewards
Tangible and intangible
Give an example of tangible rewards
Trophies, money, medals
Give an example of intangible rewards
Praise
What kind of approach is achievement motivation
Inteactionist
Achievement motivation = _____________________ - ________________
Desire to succeed - fear of failure
Achievement motivation: Desire to succeed is dictated by…
The incentive value of success
Achievement motivation: Fear of failure is dictated by…
The probability of success
Achievement motivation: If a performer’s desire to succeed outweighs fear of failure, they will show…
NACH behaviour
Achievement motivation: If a performer’s fear of failure outweighs their desire to succeed, they will show …
NAF behaviour
Identify 3 characteristics of a NACH performer
- Desire to succeed outweighs fear of failure
- Seeks challenging situations
- Display approach behaviour
- High task persistance
- High levels of self efficacy
Identify 3 characteristics of a NAF performer
- Fear of failure outweighs desire to succeed
- Show avoidance behaviour
- Low task persistence
- Low self efficacy
Define aggression
An overt physical or verbal act with the intent to cause harm
Define assertion
An overt physical of verbal act with no intent to cause harm
What does instinct theory of aggression suggest?
Aggression is inherited
Why can trait theory of aggression be criticised?
Because aggression can be learnt or caused by an increase in frustration
Frustration aggression theory: What leads to an initial increase in frustration?
The opponent blocking a goal
Acting aggressively can decrease frustration, which is known as…
Catharsis
Frustration aggression theory: When is a performer more likely to act aggressively?
- If they were close to achieving their goal
- If the goal is blocked unfairly
Frustration aggression theory: What could cause the performer to believe that aggression can lead to success?
- If it goes unpunished
- If it is reinforced by a coach
Frustration aggression theory: What happens if aggression is punished?
It may lead to further frustration
Identify 3 ways a coach can reduce aggression
- Remove aggressive cues
- Stop praising aggressive behaviour
- Punish aggressive behaviour
- Teach stress management techniques
- Develop a code of conduct
Name 3 theories of aggression
- Instinct/trait theory
- Frustration-aggression theory
- Social learning theory of aggression
- Aggressive cue theory
Suggest 3 way an official/referee can reduce aggression
- Pre-warn players about the consequences
- Punish aggression immediately
- Apply rules fairly and consistently
Define social facilitation
Presence of an audience increases arousal
Define social inhibition
Presence of an audience has a negative impact on performance
How many types of audience are there?
4
Name the 4 types of audience
- Audience
- Co-actors
- Social reinforcer
- Competitive co-actor
Define a co-actor
Somebody performing the task but not in direct competition
Define social reinforcer
Somebody with a direct influence on performance
Define competitive co-actor
Somebody performing the same task and in direct competition
Define evaluation apprehension
The audience only has an effect on performance if the performer feels judged
Name 3 characteristics of a group
- A group has shared identity
- A group have task cohesion
- A group have social cohesion
- A group have hierarchy
How many stages are there of group formation
5
Identify the 5 stages of group formation
- Forming
- Storming
- Norming
- Performing
- Mourning
Define the forming stage of group formation
The group member come together and get to know each other
Define the storming stage of group formation
There is conflict with group members as they try to establish their roles within the group
Define the norming stage of group formation
The group member begin to co-operate as they come to understand their roles
Define the performing stage of group formation
The group members begin to work together to achieve a common goal
Define the mourningstage of group formation
The task is completed and the group is broken up
Define task cohesion
The togetherness of a group to work towards a common goal
Is task cohesion or social cohesion more important?
Task cohesion
Define social cohesion
The inter-personal relationship between group members
What negative may social cohesion lead to?
Social cliques
Actual productivity = _____________ - ______________
Potential productivity - losses dues to faulty group processes
Define actual productivity
The performance level achieved by a group
Define potential productivity
The team’s best possible performance
What causes motivational losses?
Lack of concentration and low levels of arousal
What can motivational losses lead to?
- Social loafing
- Ringlemann effect
Explain social loafing
Where the performer hides within the group
Explain the Ringlemann effect
As group size increases, the individual performer’s effort decreases
What are the characteristics of a good leader?
- Confident
- Organised
- Charismatic
- Knowledgable
What are 2 ways a leader can be appointed?
- Prescribed
- Emergent
What is a prescribed leader?
Somebody appointed by an external authority
What is an emergent leader
Elected by the group from within the group
Identify 3 leadership styles
- Autocratic
- Democratic
- Laissez-faire
What is an autocratic leader?
Set goals and focuses on success. They make all of the decisions
Describe a democratic leader
Focus on interpersonal relationships with group members and allow them to contribute to decision making
Describe a laissez-faire leader
Provides little support or input and allows team members to make decisions
Chelladurai’s Multi-dimensional model of leadership: What is a required behaviour?
The leadership style dictated by the situation
Chelladurai’s Multi-dimensional model of leadership: What is a preferred behaviour
The leadership style dictated by group members
Chelladurai’s Multi-dimensional model of leadership: What is an actual behaviour?
The leadership style that is displayed
Chelladurai’s Multi-dimensional model of leadership: When will high levels of satisfaction be reached?
When preferred and actual behaviour match
Chelladurai’s Multi-dimensional model of leadership: When will high levels of performance be reached?
If all behaviours match
Would a NACH or NAF performer have a self serving bias?
NACH
What would a NACH performer attribute success to?
Internal and stable factors
Would a NACH or NAF performer have learned helplessness?
NAF
What would a NAF performer attribute failure to?
Internal and stable factors
Define slef-efficacy
Self confidence in a specific sporting situation
Outline the 4 factors that contribute to self-efficacy
- Past performance accomplishments
- Vicarious experiences
- Verbal persuasion
- Emotional arousal
Explain past performance accomplishments
Previous success in the same situation leads to high levels of self-efficacy in the present or future
Explain vicarious experiences
Watching a performer of the same perceived ability achieve success leads to high levels of self efficacy
Explain verbal persuasion
If a coach encourages certain behaviours, that will lead to high levels of self-efficacy
Explain emotional arousal
If a performer is at optimum levels of arousal, they will have a peak flow experience
