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RSFC A Level PE > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Define articulating bones

A

The bones that form a joint

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2
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder?

A

Ball and socket

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3
Q

What type of joint is the elbow?

A

Hinge

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4
Q

What type of joint is the hip?

A

Ball and socket

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5
Q

What type of joint is the knee?

A

Hinge

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6
Q

What type of joint is the ankle?

A

Hinge

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7
Q

What type of joint is the neck?

A

Pivot

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8
Q

How many articulating bones from the neck?

A

2

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9
Q

Name the articulating bones of the neck

A

Atlas and axis

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10
Q

How many articulating bones form the shoulder?

A

2

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11
Q

Name the articulating bones of the shoulder

A

Humerus and scapula

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12
Q

Name the articulating bones of the elbow

A

Humerus, ulna and radius

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13
Q

Name the articulating bones of the hip

A

Pelvis and femur

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14
Q

Name the articulating bones of the knee

A

Femur and tibia

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15
Q

Name the articulating bones of the ankle

A

Talus, tibia and fibula

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16
Q

Define the term agonist

A

Prime mover - the muscles that cause a movement

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17
Q

Define the term antagonist

A

The muscle that works against the agonist to help produce a co-ordinated movement

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18
Q

Define the term fixator

A

Muscles that stabilise the origin so that antagonists can work effectively

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19
Q

Define the term synergist

A

A muscle that works together with another muscles to generate movement

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20
Q

Name 3 types of muscle contraction

A
  1. Concentric
  2. Eccentric
  3. Isometric
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21
Q

Define concentric contraction

A

The muscle shortens as it contracts

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22
Q

Define the term eccentric contraction

A

The muscle lengthens as it contracts

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23
Q

Define the term isometric contraction

A

The muscle contracts with no movement

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24
Q

Which movements can be used at the elbow?

A

Flexion and extension

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25
Q

Which movements can be used at the knee?

A

Flexion and extension

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26
Q

Which movements can be used at the ankle

A

Plantar flexion and dorsi flexion

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27
Q

What is the agonist at the knee in the eccentric phase of a squat?

A

Quadriceps

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28
Q

What is the agonist at the knee in the concentric phase of a squat?

A

Quadriceps

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29
Q

What is the agonist at the elbow in the eccentric phase of a bicep curl?

A

Biceps

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30
Q

Identify the plane and axis a shot putter moves through when completing their throw

A

Sagittal plane/transverse axis

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31
Q

Identify the plane and axis of motion at the shoulder in the upwards phase of a press up

A

Transverse plane/longitudinal axis

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32
Q

Identify the plane and axis of movement at the shoulder as a performer plays a forehand shot in tennis

A

Transverse plane/longitudinal axis

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33
Q

During sprinting, flexion occurs at the hip.

Identify which plane and about which axis hip flexion occurs.

A

Sagittal plane/transverse axis

34
Q

How many lever systems are there

A

3

35
Q

During which movement does the 1st class lever system occur?

A

Elbow extension

36
Q

At which part of the body do we see a 2nd class level system?

A

The ankle

37
Q

How is a fulcrum represented when drawing a lever system?

A

Traingle

38
Q

How is a resistance represented when drawing a lever system?

A

Rectangle

39
Q

How is effort represented when drawing a lever system?

A

Arrow

40
Q

In a first class lever system, what is drawn in the centre?

A

Triangle (fulcrum)

41
Q

In a second class lever system, what is drawn in the centre?

A

Rectangle (resistance)

42
Q

In a third class lever system, what is drawn in the centre?

A

Arrow (effort)

43
Q

Identify two advantages of a second class lever system

A
  • The effort arm is longer than the resistance arm.
  • This allows the performer to generate a lot of force with minimal effort.
  • Beneficial when jumping as high as possible during a high jump.
44
Q

Identify 2 disadvantages of a second class lever system

A
  • The resistance arm is shorter than the effort arm.
  • This means there is a short range of movement.
45
Q

Identify two advantages of a third class lever system

A
  • The resistance arm is longer than the effort arm.
  • This allows for a large range of movement.
  • This also allows movements to occur faster, which helps build momentum.
  • This means that a long jumper can lift their legs higher during the flight phase and can also build more momentum within the run up.
46
Q

Identify two disadvantages of a third class lever system

A
  • The effort arm is shorter than the resistance arm.
  • This means it requires a large amount of effort to produce force;
  • Which could cause fatigue.
47
Q

Define displacement and state its unit of measurement

A

The shortest straight line distance between 2 points
Metres (m)

48
Q

Define velocity and state its unit of measurement

A

The rate in change of displacement
Metres per second (m/s)

49
Q

How is velocity calculated?

A

Displacement/time

50
Q

Define acceleration and state its unit of measurement

A

The rate a body changes from one velocity to another
m/s2

51
Q

How is acceleration calculated?

A

Final velocity - initial velocity/time

52
Q

Define momentum and state its unit of measurement

A

Mass x velocity
Kilogram metres per second (KGM/S)

53
Q

Define weight and state its unit of measurement

A

The amount of force exerted by gravity on an object
Newtons (N)

54
Q

How is weight calculated?

A

Mass (kg) x gravity (9.8)

55
Q

Name Newton’s first law of motion

A

Law of inertia

56
Q

Explain Newton’s first law of moition

A
  • The performer will remain stationary until an external force Is applied
  • The performer will travel with a constant velocity until another force is applied
  • External force is applied by the performer’s muscles
57
Q

Name Newton’s second law of motion

A

Law of acceleration

58
Q

Explain Newton’s second law of motion

A

The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the force causing it and the change takes place in the direction in which forces the act

59
Q

Name Newton’s third law of motion

A

The law of action-reaction

60
Q

Explain Newton’s third law of motion

A

To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

61
Q

Define stability

A

The ability to maintain a centre of mass over a base of supprot

62
Q

Name 3 factors that affect stability

A
  1. Height of centre of mass
  2. Size of base of support
  3. Line of gravity
  4. Mass
63
Q

How does height of centre of mass effect stability?

A

The lower the centre of mass, the more stable a performer

64
Q

How does the size of base of support effect a performer’s stability?

A

The wider the base of support, the more stable the performer

65
Q

How does line of gravity effect a performer’s stability?

A

The closer the line of gravity to base of support, the grater the stability

66
Q

How does mass effect a performer’s stability?

A

The greater the mass of the object/performer, the greater the stability

67
Q

Define impulse

A

Force x Time

68
Q

Explain the forces of an impulse at the start of a 100m race

A
  • Small Negative (Landing)force
  • Large Positive (Push off) Force
  • Net force is Positive
  • Causes performer to accelerate
69
Q

Explain the forces of an impulse during a 100m race

A

Both Negative landing force and positive push of force are equal

Net force is 0

Performer will travel at a constant velocity.

70
Q

Explain the forces of an impulse during the end part of a 100m race

A
  • Large negative landing force.
  • Small positive push off force.
  • Net force is negative.
  • Performer will decelerate.
71
Q

Define moment of inertia

A

The spread of mass from the axis of rotation

72
Q

Define angular velocity

A

Speed of rotation

73
Q

If a performer increase moment of inertia, what happens to angular velocity?

A

Decreases

74
Q

How can an increase in moment of inertia be achieved?

A

Spreading limbs away from the body

75
Q

If a performer decreases moment of inertia, what happens to angular velocity?

A

Increases

76
Q

How can a decrease in moment of inertia be achieved?

A

Bringing limbs towards the body

77
Q

How can angular momentum be calculated?

A

Moment of inertia x Angular velocity

78
Q

Angular momentum always…

A

remains constant

79
Q

Identify 3 factors that effect flight path

A
  1. Height of release
  2. Angle of relase
  3. Force of release
80
Q

Define drage

A

A force that happens in the opposite direction to motion

81
Q

Name 2 forms of drag

A
  1. Form drag
  2. Skin drag

RSFC A Level PE (31 decks)

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