Skill Acquisition Flashcards
A skill is…
Learnt
An ability is…
Inherited
Define a perceptual skill.
The detection of a stimuli from the environment
Define a cognitive skill
A thinking skill that involves decision making
Define a motor skill
The contraction of large muscle groups to produce a movement
Define a psycho-motor skill
A thinking skill that involves decision making, followed by contractions of the muscles to produce a movement
An open skill is…
Where the environment is unstable and changing
A closed skill is….
Where the environment is unchanging and stable
Is dribbling in open play in basketball an open or closed skill?
Open skill
Is a serve in tennis an example of an open skill or a closed skill?
Closed skill
A self-paced skill is…
Where the performer decides the start and speed of the movement
An externally-paced skill is…
Where the environment dictates the start and speed of the movement
Is a corner kick in football a self-paced or externally paced skill?
Self-paced
A fine skill involves….
Small muscle groups
A gross skill involves…
Large muscles groups
A golf putt and archery are the only examples of what type of skill?
Fine skills
A simple skill….
Involves few decisions being made
A complex skill….
Involves many decisions being made
Define a low organisation skill
The movement can be easily broken down into sub-routines
Define a high organisation skill
The movement can NOT be easily broken down into sub-routines
Define a discrete skill
There is a clear beginning and end
Define a serial skill
A series of linked discrete skills
Define a continuous skill
The end of one cycle is the beginning of the next
Positive transfer is when…
The learning of one skill benefits the learning of another skill
Negative transfer is when…
The learning of one skill hinders the learning of another skill
Zero transfer is when…
The learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another skill
Bi-lateral transfer is when…
The learning of a skill on one side of the body benefits the learning of a skill on the other side of the body
Pro-active transfer is when…
The learning of a skill has an impact on the learning of a future skill
Retroactive transfer is when…
The learning of a skill has an impact on a previously learned skill
How many pieces of information can the short-term sensory store hold?
Unlimited
How long can the short-term sensory store hold information for?
1 second
What does the short-term sensory store recieve?
Stimuli from the environment
What process takes place in the short-term sensory store?
Selective attention
What is selective attention?
Blocking out irrelevant information and focusing on relevant information
What is the benefit of selective attention?
It speeds up decision making and prevents information overload
Give 3 ways a coach can improve selective attention…
- Increase the intensity of the stimuli
- Slow down the stimuli to give more time to react
- Speed the stimuli back up to make it more realistic
- Use key cues
- Practice with distractions
DCR stands for…
Detection, comparison, recognition
How much information can the short-term memory hold?
5-9 pieces
How long can the short-term memory hold information for?
Up to 30 seconds
The short-term memory is also known as…
The working memory
What does the short-term memory receive from the STSS?
Relevant information from the short-term sensory store
Which process takes place in the short-term memory?
Decision making
What does decision making mean?
Choosing a relevant motor programmes
What does the short-term memory receive from the long-term memory?
Relevant motor programmes
What does the short-term memory do with motor programmes
Initiates them
What does initiating a motor programme mean?
Sending nerve impulses to the relevant muscles
How much information can the long-term memory hold?
Unlimited
How long can the long-term memory hold information from
An unlimited amount of time
What 2 things does the long-term memory store?
- Relevant information
- Motor programmes
Where does the long-term memory send motor programmes?
Back to the short-term memory
Give 3 ways that the retention of newly learnt information can be improved.
- Making information relevant by using key cues
- Chunk and chain information
- Practice frequently
- Use appropriate guidance
- Make training fun and enjoyable
- Positive reinforcement
What can positive reinforcement help to strengthen?
The SR bond
What are the 3 stages of Welford’s Model?
Input, decision making, output
What process takes place in the input stage of the Welford’s Model?
DCR
What are the 3 central mechanisms of Whiting’s Model of Information Processing?
Perceptual mechanism, translatory mechanism, effector mechanism
Which key process occurs in the perceptual mechanism?
Selective attention
Which key process takes place in the translatory mechanism?
Decision making
Which key process takes place in the effector mechanism?
Initiation of motor programmes
Define the term reaction time
The time taken from the start of the stimulus to the start of the movement
Give an example of reaction time for a 100m runner.
From the start of the gunshot to the start of pushing off the blocks
Define the term movement time
From the start of the movement to the end of the movement
Give an example of movement time for a 100m runner
From the start of pushing off the blocks to the end of the race
Define the term response time
From the start of the stimulus to the end of the movement
Give an example of response time for a 100m runner
From the start of the gunshot to the end of the race
Outline the relationship between reaction time, movement time and response time
Reaction time + movement time = response time
What does Hick’s Law state?
As the number of possible responses increases, response time becomes slower
According to the single channel hypothesis, how many stimuli can be processed at a time?
One
The time delay caused by the single channel hypothesis is known as…
The psychological refractory period
The psychological refractory period causes…
A delayed/slower response time
Define spatial anticipation
Predicting what is going to happen
Define temporal anticipation
Predicting when something is going to happen
Name the factors that can afect response time
Selective attention
Hick’s Law
Age
Anticipation
Arousal
Psychological refractory period
Define whole practice
The movement is practised as a whole with no breaks
What stage of learning is whole practice suitable for?
Autnomous
What level of fitness is whole practice suitable for?
High levels
Define part practice
The skill is broken down into sub-routines and each sub-routine is practised seperately
Define progressive part practice
The skill is broken down into sub-routines and each sub-routine is then chained together
Part and Progressive part practice is suitable for what stage of learning?
Cognitive
Why is part practice suitable for cognitive learners?
Allows time for feedback
Define massed practice
The skill is practised with no breaks
What stage of learning is massed practice suitable for?
Autonomous
Define distributed practice
A skill is practised with rest breaks introduced
What stage of learning is distributed practice suitable for?
Cognitive
Define fixed practice
The same skill is practised throughout the session
Define varied practice
A session with different skill introduced throughout
Define positive feedback
Praise about the success of a skill or movement
Define negative fEedback
Critical comments about a movement and how to improve it
Define intrinsic feedback
Feedback from within through the performer’s proprioceptors
Outline 4 types of sensory information
- Sight
- Sound
- Touch
- Propriception
Define extrinsic feedback
Feedback from an external source e.g. a coach
Define immediate feedback
Feedback given straight after performance
Define delayed feedback
Feedback given some time after performance
Define knowledge of performance
Feedback about the success of motor programmes, regardless of the outcome
Define knowledge of results
Feedback about the outcome of a movement
Define concurrent feedback
Feedback given during performance
Define terminal feedback
Feedback given after the performance
Outline 3 characteristics of a cognitive performer
- Inconsistent performance
- Requires conscious thought
- A lot of gross errors
- Requires external feedback
- Poor kinaesthetic awareness
- Poor selective attention
Outline 3 characteristics of an autonomous performer
- Consistent performance
- Requires no conscious thought
- Few errors
- Able to self-evaluate
- Good selective attention
- Fully developed kinaesthetic awareness
Which stage of learning requires more positive feedback?
Cognitive
Which stage of learning requires more extrinsic feedback?
Cognitive
Which stage of learning can use delayed feedback?
Autonomous
Which stage of learning use knowledge of performance?
Autonomous
Which stage of learning use concurrent feedback?
Autonomous
Define a learning plateau
A period of time with no change in performance
Identify 3 causes of a learning plateau.
- Fatigue/injury
- Demotivation
- Poor quality coaching
- Goals are too challenging/too easy
- Ability limits skill
Define visual guidance
The performer observes a deomnstration
Define visual guidance
The performer observes a demonstration
Define verbal guidance
The coach highlights key cues
Define manual guidance
The coach physically assists a performer through a movement
Define mechanical guidance
Use of an artificial aid to assist a performer through a movement
For cognitive performers, visual guidance should be used alongside 1.__________ because 2.__________
- Verbal guidance
- It can help to create a perfect image and prevent information overload
Verbal guidance may be used alone with….
Autonomous performers
Operant conditioning involves learning through….
Trial and error
What does ‘shaping’ mean in operant conditioning?
Changing the environment to allow for success and failure
What 3 process does operant conditioning involve?
- Positive reinforcement
- Negative reinforcement
- Punishment
Operant conditioning: What is positive reinforcement?
Giving praise when the correct response is given
Operant conditioning: What is the purpose of positive reinforcement?
To strengthen the SR bond and encourage repitition
Operant conditioning: What is the purpose of positive reinforcement?
Ton strengthen the SR bon and encourage repetition
Operant conditioning: What is negative reinforcment
The removal of a negative stimulus once the correct response is given
Operant conditioning: What is the purpose of negative reinforcement?
To strengthen the SR bond and encourage repetition
Operant conditioning: What is punishment
Given when the incorrect response is given
Operant conditioning: What is the purpose of punishment?
To weaken the SR bond and encourage a change in behaviour
Outline the 6 stages of Bandura’s Observational Learning Theory
- Demonstration
- Attention
- Retention
- Motor re-production
- Motivation
- Matching performance
Bandura’s Observational Learning Theory: Define demonstration
Performer will observe an image of the movement
Bandura’s Observational Learning Theory: How can a demonstration be made more effective?
If the demonstration is perfect
Bandura’s Observational Learning Theory:
Define attention
The performer focuses on key cues
Bandura’s Observational Learning Theory:
How can attention be made more effective?
If delivered by a role model
Bandura’s Observational Learning Theory:
Define retention
The performer stores information in the long term memory
Bandura’s Observational Learning Theory:
How can retention be made more effective?
By using key cues to make information relevant and meaningful
Bandura’s Observational Learning Theory:
Define motor re-production
Performer having the physical capability to perform a task or action
Bandura’s Observational Learning Theory:
How can motor re-production be made more effective?
Breaking the skill or movement down into sub-routines
Bandura’s Observational Learning Theory:
Define motivation
The performer has the drive to complete a task
Bandura’s Observational Learning Theory:
How can motivation be made more effective?
If the coach gives tangible and intangible rewards
Seeing a ball come toward you in tennis is an example of what type of skill?
Perceptual
Contracting muscles in the arms to return a forehand shot in tennis is an example of what type of skill/ability?
Motor skill
Deciding who to pass to in hockey is an example of what type of skill?
Cognitive skill
Deciding where to pass in rugby, followed by contracting the muscles to perform the movement is what kind of skill?
Psycho-motor
Place a corner kick in football on the Open-Closed continua
Closed
Place dribbling in hockey on the Open-Closed continua
Open
Place passing in open play in basketball on the self-paced-externally-paced continua
Externally paced
Place a conversion in rugby on the self-paced-externally-paced continua
Self-paced
Place a rugby tackle on the fine-gross continua
Gross
Place a tennis serve on the simple-complex continua
Simple
Place a backhand return in a rally on the simple-complex continua
Complex
Place a triple jump on the low-high organisation continua
Low organisation
Define a schema
A set of motor programmes than can be adapted to produce a new movement
Is a recall schema before or after a movement?
Before
Name the 2 processes of the recall schema
Initial conditions and response specification
In Schmidt’s schema theory, explain initial conditions
Using knowledge of the environment
In Schmidt’s schema theory, explain response specification
Making a decision based on initial conditions
Does a recognition schema take place before or after a movement?
After
Outline the 2 processes in a recognition schema
Sensory consequences and response outcome
In Schmidt’s schema theory, explain sensory consequences
Involves knowledge of performance, where the performer receives feedback based on the success of the movement
In Schmidt’s schema theory, explain response outcome
Involves knowledge of results
According to Drive Reduction Theory, what happens once a performer reaches a goal?
Their level of motivation reduces
According to Drive Reduction Theory, what should a coach do if drive is reduced after achieving a goal?
Set the performer a more challenging goal
