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IMSE LEC > THE LYMPHOID SYSTEM IMMUNITY > Flashcards

THE LYMPHOID SYSTEM IMMUNITY Flashcards

1
Q

ability of an individual to resist infections by means of normally present body functions

A

natural immunity

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2
Q

The most important process of internal defense mechanism is the process of

A

phagocytosis

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3
Q

how many percents do lymphocytes constitute in the circulating wbc’s ?

A

20-40%

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4
Q

The second dominant type of WBC after Neutrophils

A

lymphocytes

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5
Q

Cytoplasm is SPARSE, containing few organelles and NO SPECIFIC GRANULES, and consists of a narrow ring surrounding the nucleus.

A

lymphocytes

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6
Q

These cells are unique, because they arise from a __ and then are further differentiated in the primary lymphoid organs.

A

hematopoietic stem cell

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7
Q

__organs is where the maturation of B and T cells occurs

A

Primary lymphoid

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8
Q

mother of all cells , origin of all cells in the body

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

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9
Q

hematopoietic stem cells can be differentiated into two, what are they?

A

common lymphoid precursor and common myeloid precursor

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10
Q

Lymphocyte circulation is complex and is regulated by different cell surface adhesion molecules and by chemical messengers called ___

A

cytokines

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11
Q

where does the t cell differentiation occurs?

A

thymus

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12
Q

b cell differentiattion occurs in

A

bone marrow

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13
Q
  • Once the cell matured, they travel to the ___ for proliferation and differentiation
A

secondary lymphoid organs

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14
Q

what are the 3 major population of lymphocytes

A

t cell, b cell, and nk cell

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15
Q

give the percentage of each major population of the lymphocytes

A
  • 61-80% - T cells,
  • 20 % - B cells,
  • 10-15% - NK cells
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16
Q

whata re the 2 primary lymphoid organs?

A

bone marrow and thymus

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17
Q

whata re the example of secondary lymphoid organs

A
  • Spleen,
  • Lymph nodes
  • Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
  • Appendix
  • Tonsils
  • Peyer’s Patches
  • Cutaneous-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT
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18
Q

which precursor do - T cells, B cells, and NK cells arise from

A

common precursor known as the CLP or common lymphoid precursor cell

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19
Q

o ___ fills the core of all flat long bones and is the main source of hematopoietic stem cells, which develop into different cell types.

A

Bone marrow

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20
Q

it is the source of our hematopoietic stem cell

A

bone marrow

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21
Q

is an organ which is small, flat, bilobed organ found in the thorax, or chest cavity, right below the thyroid gland and overlying the heart.

A

thymus

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22
Q

T cells developed their identifying characteristics in

A

Thymus

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23
Q

weight of thymus at birth, puberty, and old age

A
  • 30 g (at birth) →35 g (puberty) →atrophy
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24
Q
  • Each lobe of the thymus is divided into ___ filled with epithelial cells that play a central role in this differentiation process.
A

lobules

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25
Q
  • Surface antigens are also called __
A

surface markers

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26
Q

surface antigens/surface markers the lymphocytes travel from the cortex to the medulla over a period of __

A

-2 to 3 weeks.

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27
Q

CCortex and medulla is where the T cells stays, but once they matured, it will be released in

A

medulla

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28
Q

___ is the main contact or main access to antigens

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

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29
Q

also called as antigen trapping site

A

secondary lymphoid organs

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30
Q

 Largest secondary lymphoid organ

A

spleen

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31
Q

o Characterized as a large discriminating filter because it removes OLD AND DAMAGE cells and foreign antigens from the blood

A

spleen

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32
Q

length and weight of spleen in adult

A

12 cm and 150g in adult

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33
Q

 Splenic tissue can be divided into two main types:

A

o Red Pulp
o White Pulp:

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34
Q

makes up more than one-half of the total volume of the spleen,

A

red pulp

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35
Q

a splenic tissue and its function is to destroy old red blood cells.

A

red pulp

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36
Q

comprises approximately 20 percent of the total weight of the spleen and contains the lymphoid tissue, which is arranged around arterioles in a periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS).

A

white pulp

37
Q

how many percent to white pulp constitute in the spleen

A

20%

38
Q

o PALS is a sheath that contains mostly___

A

T cells

39
Q

 Attached to the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath are ___

A

primary follicles

40
Q

Primary follicles contains the ___ that not yet stimulated with the antigen because its purpose is to produce the antibody

A

B cells

41
Q

o Surrounding the PALS is a marginal zone containing ___ that trap antigen.

A

dendritic cells

42
Q

is the most potent phagocytic cell and is considered the best antigen presenting cell (APC)

A

dendritic cells

43
Q
  • PALS –XXXX
  • Primary follicles – XXX
  • Marginal zone – XXXX
A
  • PALS – t cells
  • Primary follicles – b cells (not yet stimulated)
  • Marginal zone – dendritic cell
44
Q

Located along lymphatic ducts and serve as central collecting points for lymph fluid from adjacent tissues.

A

lymph nodes

45
Q

size of the lymph nodes

A

1-25mm in diameter

46
Q

: it allows ideal environment for contact between the lymphocytes and foreign antigens from the tissue to take place

A

lymph nodes

47
Q
  • Lymph nodes can be enlarged when there is an ___
A

infection

48
Q

The lymph fluid flows slowly through spaces called ___, which are lined with macrophages, creating an ideal location for phagocytosis to take place.

A

sinuses

49
Q

sinuses, in where the lymph flid flows are lines with what wbc?

A

macrophages

50
Q

Spleen protects us but lymph nodes help to SET UP ENVIRONMENT

true or false

A

true

51
Q

what are the 3 parts of the ymp nodes

A

cortex, paracortex, medulla

52
Q

Outer most region of lymph nodes

A

cortex

53
Q

cortex has the germinal centers, which has the unstimulated ___

A

b cells

54
Q

part of lymp nodes where we can find the t cells

A

paracortex

55
Q
A
56
Q
  • A place where the t cells and b cells are released once matured
A

medulla

57
Q

Accumulation of the lymphocytes and other cells will cause the lymph nodes to become enlarged, this condition is called

A

lymphadenopathy

58
Q

Can be found in the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urogenital tracts

A

MUCOSAL-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE (MALT

59
Q

an exampleof mucosal-assciated lymphoid tissue is the

A

appendix which is located at the junction of the small and large intestines.

60
Q

example of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue found in the mucous membrane lining of the oral and pharyngeal cavities.

A

tonsils

61
Q

it responds to the pathogen entering the respiratory and alimentary tracts

A

tonsils

62
Q

3rd example of MALT

A

peyer’s patches

63
Q

are located at the lower ileum of the intestinal tract

A

peyer’s patches

64
Q

considered as the lymphoid tissue in the intestine

A

peyer’s patches

65
Q

a secondary lymphoid organ that is - Within our epidermis

A

CUTANEOUS-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE

66
Q
  • Considered as the largest organ in the body and epidermis
A

CUTANEOUS-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE

67
Q
  • Epidermis contains a number of __.
A

intraepidermal lymphocytes

68
Q
  • Intraepidermal lymphocytes mechanism
A

o T cells are uniquely positioned to combat any antigens that enter through the skin

69
Q

aside from the t cells, what are the other wbc acting as intradermal lymphocyte

A

monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells

70
Q
  • Within each of these secondary organs, T and B cells are segregated and perform specialized functions

where do T cells function for

A

cell-mediated immunity

71
Q

B cells can differentiate into

A

memory or plasma cells

72
Q

are small polypeptides that regulate the functions of lymphocytes and other cells involved in the immune response

A

cytokines

73
Q
  • __ has high affinity to the particular antigen, which is the surface markers on lymphocytes
A

Monoclonal antibodies

74
Q

In terms if B cells – surface markers

A

CD19, CD21, and CD23

75
Q

In terms if T cells – surface markers

A

CD2, CD3, CD4, and CD8

76
Q

In terms if NK cells – surface markers

A

CD16, CD56, and CD94

77
Q

o Precursor of lymphocytes is __within the lobules of the thymus: the outer cortex and inner medulla

A

thymocytes

78
Q

The earliest marker is the ___

A

PRO-B Cell

79
Q
  • Considered as the earliest B-cell precursor that could recognize the presence of a surface molecule/marker
A

Pro B cell

80
Q

surface marker associated in Pro B cell

A

CD45R

81
Q

the end result of pro b cell is a ___ programmed to produce a unique antibody molecule, which consists of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains

A

B lymphocyte

82
Q

is a TYROSINE specific phosphate that is involved in signaling during the B cell activation

A

cd45r

83
Q

The differentiation of Pro B cell to Pre B cell occurs upon successful rearrangement of ___

A

heavy chain genes

84
Q

Heavy Chains are coded on chromosome __

A

14

85
Q

Light Chains are coded on chromosome __

A

2 and 22

86
Q

The pro-B cell has DISTINCTIVE MARKERS that include surface antigens ___.

A

CD19, CD45R, CD43, CD24, and c-Kit

87
Q
  • Not all of these are scattered. There is a cluster of differentiation where it will only stay on the surface of developmental stage of a certain cell.
  • The only that would stay are the ___
A

CD19, CD24 and CD45r

88
Q
A

IMSE LEC (15 decks)

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