part1lec1t INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY Flashcards
Can be defined as the study of a host’s reactions
when foreign substances are introduced into the body.
IMMUNOLOGY
A foreign substance that induces such an immune
response is called an ___.
immunogen
MACROMOLECULES capable of
triggering an adaptive immune response by
inducing the production of antibodies or sensitized t-cells in an immunocompetent host
Immunogen
In what year does chinese developed ab immunological experimentation
1500s
This practice of deliberately exposing an
individual to material from smallpox lesions was
known as _____- used to build resistance
against the agent
variolation
In 1700s, an English Doctor Named ____ discovered
a remarkable relationship between exposure to
cowpox and immunity to smallpox
Edward Jenner
edward jenner observed what to prove his theory?
milkmaids
This procedure of injecting cellular material
became known as ___
vaccination
vaccine came from the latin word
VACCA means COW
The phenomenon in which exposure to one agent
produces protection against another agent is known
as _____.
Cross-immunity.
In 1880-1881, A scientist works with the bacteria that
caused chicken cholera.
Luis Pasteur
Who’s the father of immunology?
Luis Pasteur
He accidentally discovered that old cultures of
these bacteria would not cause disease in
chickens.
- Subsequent injections of more virulent organisms
had no effect on the birds that had been
previously exposed to the older cultures
Luis Pasteur
Because of Luis theory, the first ___ is discovered
attenuated vaccine
something change to make
pathogen less virulent
Attenuation
3 ways to make attenuated vaccine
apply heat, aging, or chemical means
CHOOSE ONE:
ALL ANTIGEN ARE IMMUNOGEN BUT NOT ALL IMMUNOGEN ARE ANTIGEN
ALL IMMUNOGEN ARE ANTIGEN BUT NOT ALL ANTIGEN ARE IMMUNOGEN
ALL ANTIGEN ARE IMMUNOGEN BUT NOT ALL IMMUNOGEN ARE ANTIGEN
Luis Pasteur apply the principle of attenuation to prevent ___
rabies
Year when Edward Jenner discover the small pox vaccination
1798
She is involved in the theory of Phagocytic cells,
cellular theory of immunity through phagocytosis
Ellie metchnikoff
the first one who introduced attenuation
Luis pasteur
Year when Elli metchnikoff discover the theory of phagocytotic cells
1883 - 1905
Robert Koch is known for
Delayed type immunity
Delayed type of immunity was been discovered by Robert Koch on what year?
1891
which type of immunity is the delayed immunity hypersensitivity
Type 4
he applied attenuation in therapeutic intervention; specify the year as well
Luis pasteur; 1885
an engulfment of a particulate matter
phagocytosis
is the end product of phagocytosis
digestion
how luis pasteur apply the attenuation?
through vaccination to the boy severely bitten by a dog
who proposed humoral theory of immunity?
Von behring, kitasata
it theorized the IMMUNE COMPLEXES
Arthus reaction
what type is the hypersensitivity of immediate immunity?
type 1,2,3
Arthus reaction is what type of hypersensitivity?
immediate - type 3
hyper sensitivity reaction delayed type immunity
type 4
It’s the site of antibody and antigen binding
FAB
explain how immune complexes works
antibodies are attached to the antigen, once attached, it will be deposited to the tissue, antibodies in tissue will form immune complexes
the difference between salk and sabin’s polio vaccine
salk’s is IPV - inactivated polio vaccine
Sabin’s is OPV - oral polio vaccine
a process in which the body system is overwhelmed with the soluble antigen as there’s a continuous production of antibodies
immune complexes
___ is the region where the antigen is attached
FAB
when did salk and sabin developed the polio vaccine?
1949
the other part of antibody aside form the FAB
FC
these 2 developed the polio vaccine
Salk and Sabin
does inactivated viral vaccine still have pathogen?
yes
difference between attenuated and inactivated vaccine
attenuated has live pathogen but less virulent and the inactivated vaccine has the dead pathogen. nevertheless, both can still trigger immune response make an antibodies
examples of inactivated dead vaccine
cholera and typhoid fever
On what year do pasteur help to treat the dog-bitten boy?
1885
how many injections of vaccine are provided to the boy by luis pasteur?
12 injections of vaccine
what is the material used by luis pasteur to treat the dog-bitten boy?
infectious spinal cord from dog that
is dried for days
where does HLA is coded?
coded on the short arm of the chromosome 6
who created the first monoclonal antibibodies?
Kohler
what does HLA stands for?
human leukocytes antigen
in what year do kohler created the first monoclonal antibodies
1975
these are the high end antibodies
monoclonal antibodies
HLA is also known nowadays as
histocompatibility complex
it is used for test kits as test kits need to detect highly specific antigens
monoclonal antibodies
it can recognize foreign substances if accepted or rejected in the body
HLA (human leukocytes antigen)
o Aka major histocompatibility complex
HBV is also known as
Serum hepatitis
___ originated from the thymus
t cells
the process of t cells regulating the innate and adaptive immunity by producing cytokines and stimulating b cells is called
cell mediated immunity
what is the major role of t cells
T-cells regulate innate and adaptive immunity (major role)
what is the precursor cells of t cells
lymphocyte
what are the 3 sub types of t cells?
helper t cells
cytolytic/cytotoxic t cells
regulatory t cells
how do t cells regulate the innate and adaptive immunity?
by producing CYTOKINES and stimulating B CELLS
it is a chemical messenger that will influence other activities of the cells such as stimulating b cells
cytokines
most commonly acquired laboratory infection
HEPATITIS B
what is the function of b cells
antibody production
co infection in hbv
HEPA D
where does the differentiation of tcells happen?
within the thymus
what is the lymphocyte precursor of our tcells?
thymocyte
in order for our t cells to have an expression, who’s responsible for it?
cd3 marker
why do cytokines stimulate b cells, what is the main role of b cells?
it produce antibodies
it is the cluster of differentiation for the t cells; it identifies the t cells subtypes
CD 3 marker
which t cells are(is) the CD4?
Helper or regulatory cells
which t cells are(is) the CD8?
Cytotoxic or cytolytic cells
what is the ratio of cd4 and cd8 in peripheral blood smear?
2:1 , two is to 1
what year is the toll-like receptors are identified
1996-1998
TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR IS ALSO CALLED AS
PRR - patter recognition receptor
It provides surveillance for the immune system, it depends on the molecular pattern recognition of a specific pathogen
Toll-like receptor
it is a specific gene that directly regulates t cell development
FOXP3
on what year is the foxp3 reognized/
2001
year the papilloma virus vaccine is created
2005
who created the papilloma virus vaxx?
fraxer
what is the causative agent of cervical cancer?
human papilloma virus
it’s a kind of immunity that is non specific
natural or innate immunity
natural immunity is also called as
innate immunity
acquired immunity is also calls as
adaptive immunity
this type of immunity is naturally occurring and has a standard way to fight antigens
natural or innate immunity
the distinct feature of natural or innate immunity
they don’t have any memory b cell
what is the only defense for natural immunity?
exogenous and the endogenous
what is included on the exogenous defense
skin
what is included on endogenous substances
- gastric juice or the hydrochloric acid of our stomach
- phagocytosis
what are the phagocytoticcells
(neutrophil, monocyte, macrophages)
what is the other term for neuthrophil?
polymorphonuclearcells
what is the other leukocyte that is included on our natural or innate immunity?
- natural killer cells
it is a type of immunity that is specific
adaptive or acquired immunity
it is not present at birth but it has diverse response to all antigens
adaptive or acquired immunity
why is the secondary response better than the primary response?
because it has memory b cells that will appreciate the previously encounter antigen
how many defense system are there in immunity?
3 defense system
what is the 2nd line defense system?
internal defense system
what is the first line defense system?
external defense system
fatty acid is produced by?
sebaceous gland
CHOOSE ONE:
PRIMARY RESPONSE IS BETTER THAN SECONDARY RESPONSE
SECONDARY RESPONSE IS BETTER THAT THE PRIMARY RESPONSE
SECONDARY RESPONSE IS BETTER THAT THE PRIMARY RESPONSE
where can we see the mucous membranes?
nose, ears, mouth
(portal of entry)
what is the 3rd line defense system?
adaptive or acquired immunity
lactic acid is produced by?
sweat glands
composed of structural/physical
barriers that prevent most infectious agents from entering the body.
external defense system
what are the external defense system?
- Linings of the respiratory tract
- Skin and mucosal membrane surfaces
- Secretions
where can we found the lysozome?
tears and saliva, or in any aqueous humor
hydrochloric acid is produced by
stomach
what is the pH level does the stomach has?
1 pH of hcl
What is the most important process in internal defense system?
phagocytosis
how many ph does the fatty acid has ?
5.6 pH
Involves in recognition of mannose that is not evident in human only in microorganisms
internal defense system
diapedesis is also called?
leukocytes extravasation
One of the defense system that is designed to recognize
molecules that are unique to infectious organism
internal defense system
the process of moving out of the blood circulation
diapedesis
explain the process of diapedesis
neutrophils will adhere on vessel walls, they will use their pseudopods, they will squeeze the conjunction of the cells, they will be able to go to the site of infection by then
it directs the neutrophils to site of infection
chemotaxis
towards the stimulus
what is the most dominant wbc?
Neutrophil
how do we distinguished neutrophils?
number of lobes - 3-5 lobes
how many percent is the neutrophil in WBC?
50-70%
what are the primary granules of Neutrophil?
myeloperoxidase,
elastase,
proteinase 3,
lysozyme,
cathepsin G,
defensins
what are the secondary granules of neutrophls
collagenase,
lysozyme,
lactoferrin,
plasminogen activators,
ALP,
NADPH
what are the tertiary granules of neutrophil?
gelatinase and plasminogen activator
movement of
leukocyte out of circulatory system towards tissue
damage site
diapedesis
it Also recruits non-specific leukocytes to assess damage
neutrophil
how many percent is the eosinophil in circulating wbcs?
1-3%
a wbc that Increases in allergic reactions and parasitic diseases
eosinophil
what is the distinct characteristics of eosinophil?
reddish granules
in terms of structure, eosinophil resembles what?
earmuffs
neutrophil will increase if there’s ____ infection
bacterial
igE will attached to eosinophil, once combined Eosinophil will release a granule called
ECP or eosinophil cationic protein
other than the eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil will release another secondary granule that is SPECIFIC for killing the parasite
major basic protein
the process of combining igE and eosinophil is called?
antibody dependent cell mediated
cytotoxicity or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
primary granules of eosinophil
ACP, arylsulfatase
secondary granules of eosinophil
Major Basic
Protein,
eosinophil
cationic
protein,
eosinophil peroxidase, eosinophil- derived
neurotoxin, phospholipase, histaminase,
aminopeptidase and ribonucleas
the rarest wbc in differential counting
basophil
away from the stimulus
several factors that can be chemotactic to neutrophils
- complement components
- proteins from the coagulation cascade
-products from the secretion of bacteria, viruses, and secretion from the mast cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages and other cells.
list down the 3 complement pathway
- classical
- alternative
- mannose binding lectin/lectin
how many complement pathways do we have?
3
what is the pathway for the internal defense system - antibody dependent
- classical
macrophages in brain are called
microglial
what are the 3 phagocytic cells
N, M, MAC
NEUTROPHIL
MONOCYTE
MACROPHAGES
macrophages in connective tissues are called
histiocytes
what are antibody dependent pathways?
classical
what are the antibody independent pathways?
alternative and mannose binding lectin
other factors that can contribute on our internal defense system aside from the complement pathway
o Properdin
o Interferon
o TNF
o Beta-lysine
inflammation and fever is inline with what reactants?
acute phase reactants
how many hours do monocyte stays n our blood before it go to other sites?
70 hrs
once the monocyte migrated to tissues out from the blood stream, it will not then be called as ___
macrophages
macrophages in liver is called
kupffer cells
macrophages in kidneys are called
mesangial cells
what are the agranulocytes
MONA LISA
Monocyte and Lymphocyte
what are the granulocytes?
BEN
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
It has been shown that lymphocytes, when
exposed to Interleukin 2, are capable of lysing
fresh, non-cultured cancer cells, both primary and
metastatic.
LAK cells (Lymphokine-activated Killer Cells
kills viruses and tumor cells prior to
exposure.
NK cells or natural killer cells
the cytokine that will activate lymphocytes to kill cancer cells
Interleukin 2
list the components of cytokines (different types)
(IL, IFN, TNF, G-CSF, GM-CSF)
o Interleukines
o Interferons
o Tumor necrosis factor
o Granulocytes- colonies stimulating factors
o Granulocyte macrophages- colonies
stimulating factor
what are the HUMORAL COMPONENT
OF THE NATURAL IMMUNITY
Cytokines (IL, IFN, TNF, G-CSF, GM-CSF)
Complement pathway
Lysozymes
Anti-microbial substances
Beta-lysine
inflammation and fever is inlign with what reactants?
acute phase reactants
what is the normal constituent of human tears
beta-lysin
a wbc that has bluesh purple granules
basophil
a wbc that is Involved in immediate hypersensitivity
reactions
basophil
a wbc that can regulate t helper cells and stimulate b cells to produce antibodies
basophil
basophil can stimulate b cell to produce which kind of antibody?
IgE
a wbc that has few hrs of life span
few hr in blood tream
they tend to be pulled out by the macrophages once they died, where did they go once they died?
spleen
a wbc that can be found in connective tissues
mast cells
a wbc that are widely spread all over the body thus can be found everywhre
mast cells
Has small round nucleus, moe granules, long
life span (9-18 months)
mast cells
mast cells has what granules?
Granules contain ACP, ALP, and protease
the distinct feature of mast cells is that it has very ___ nucleus
small round
the largest wbc
monocytes
how many percent do monocyte constituent in circulating wbc?
4-10 %
circulate for 70 hours in
bloodstream, if no foreign substance, it will go to
tissue as a
macrophage
Possess grayish-blue cytoplasm
monocyte
3 acceptable appearance of monocyte
ground glass, kidney-bean
shaped or horseshoe appearance
granules found in monocytes
peroxidase, ACP,
arylsulfatase
Other type of granule contains B
glucuronidase, lysozyme and lipase
aside from the neutrophil, it increases when there’s a bacterial infection
monocyte
larger version of monocyte in tissues
macrophages
a difference in granules compared to monocyte
Granules contain NO PEROXIDASE at all compared
with monocytes.
functions in
microbial killing, tumoricidal activity, killing of
intracellular parasites, phagocytosis, secretion of
cell mediators and antigen presentation.
MACROPHAGES
it causes an increase in the number of ER, lysosomes
and mitochondria
macrophages
dendritic cells are expressed through what?
through the progenitors of our bone marrow
antigen presenting cell
dendritic cell
Function is to phagocytosed antigen and present
it to T-helper cells
dendritic cell
most potent or most effective cell
dendritic cell
how dendritic cells capture antigen
through endocytosis and phagocytosis
after capturing antigen they will present it to what wbc?
will present to t cells
the other term for PRR or pattern recognition receptor
toll like receptor
a protein discovered ina fruit fly
PRR or toll like receptor
what particular fruit fly is the prr discovered?
drosophila
It plays an important role in antifungal immunity
in the adult fly
PRR (Toll-like Receptors)
Highest concentrations are found in monocytes,
macrophages, neutrophils
PRR (Toll-like Receptors)
fruit fly’s protein has a similar effects in terms of molecule of the human leukocytes and some other cell types
PRR (Toll-like Receptors)
Highest concentrations are found in monocytes,
macrophages, neutrophils
PRR (Toll-like Receptors)
it Provide surveillance , which is associated with the molecular patterns
PRR (Toll-like Receptors)
TLR2 will is inline with the __
peptidoglycan of gram positive bacteria
the one that will hydrolyze and will provide surveillance for the toll like receptor
NBS-LRR proteins (nucleotide-binding site and
Leucine rich repeat)
what are the different toll like receptor
TLR 1
TLR 2
TLR 4
TLR 1 will provide surveillance to what?
will recognize lipoprotein of mycobacteria
TLR 4 is inline with the ___
lipopolysaccharide of a gram negative bacteria
