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IMSE LEC > part1lec1t INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY > Flashcards

part1lec1t INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Can be defined as the study of a host’s reactions
when foreign substances are introduced into the body.

A

IMMUNOLOGY

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2
Q

A foreign substance that induces such an immune
response is called an ___.

A

immunogen

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3
Q

MACROMOLECULES capable of
triggering an adaptive immune response by
inducing the production of antibodies or sensitized t-cells in an immunocompetent host

A

Immunogen

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4
Q

In what year does chinese developed ab immunological experimentation

A

1500s

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5
Q

This practice of deliberately exposing an
individual to material from smallpox lesions was
known as _____- used to build resistance
against the agent

A

variolation

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6
Q

In 1700s, an English Doctor Named ____ discovered
a remarkable relationship between exposure to
cowpox and immunity to smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

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7
Q

edward jenner observed what to prove his theory?

A

milkmaids

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8
Q

This procedure of injecting cellular material
became known as ___

A

vaccination

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9
Q

vaccine came from the latin word

A

VACCA means COW

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10
Q

The phenomenon in which exposure to one agent
produces protection against another agent is known
as _____.

A

Cross-immunity.

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11
Q

In 1880-1881, A scientist works with the bacteria that
caused chicken cholera.

A

Luis Pasteur

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12
Q

Who’s the father of immunology?

A

Luis Pasteur

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13
Q

He accidentally discovered that old cultures of
these bacteria would not cause disease in
chickens.
- Subsequent injections of more virulent organisms
had no effect on the birds that had been
previously exposed to the older cultures

A

Luis Pasteur

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14
Q

Because of Luis theory, the first ___ is discovered

A

attenuated vaccine

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15
Q

something change to make
pathogen less virulent

A

Attenuation

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16
Q

3 ways to make attenuated vaccine

A

apply heat, aging, or chemical means

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17
Q

CHOOSE ONE:
ALL ANTIGEN ARE IMMUNOGEN BUT NOT ALL IMMUNOGEN ARE ANTIGEN

ALL IMMUNOGEN ARE ANTIGEN BUT NOT ALL ANTIGEN ARE IMMUNOGEN

A

ALL ANTIGEN ARE IMMUNOGEN BUT NOT ALL IMMUNOGEN ARE ANTIGEN

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18
Q

Luis Pasteur apply the principle of attenuation to prevent ___

A

rabies

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19
Q

Year when Edward Jenner discover the small pox vaccination

A

1798

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20
Q

She is involved in the theory of Phagocytic cells,
cellular theory of immunity through phagocytosis

A

Ellie metchnikoff

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21
Q

the first one who introduced attenuation

A

Luis pasteur

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22
Q

Year when Elli metchnikoff discover the theory of phagocytotic cells

A

1883 - 1905

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23
Q

Robert Koch is known for

A

Delayed type immunity

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24
Q

Delayed type of immunity was been discovered by Robert Koch on what year?

A

1891

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25
Q

which type of immunity is the delayed immunity hypersensitivity

A

Type 4

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26
Q

he applied attenuation in therapeutic intervention; specify the year as well

A

Luis pasteur; 1885

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27
Q

an engulfment of a particulate matter

A

phagocytosis

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28
Q

is the end product of phagocytosis

A

digestion

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29
Q

how luis pasteur apply the attenuation?

A

through vaccination to the boy severely bitten by a dog

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30
Q

who proposed humoral theory of immunity?

A

Von behring, kitasata

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31
Q

it theorized the IMMUNE COMPLEXES

A

Arthus reaction

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32
Q

what type is the hypersensitivity of immediate immunity?

A

type 1,2,3

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33
Q

Arthus reaction is what type of hypersensitivity?

A

immediate - type 3

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34
Q

hyper sensitivity reaction delayed type immunity

A

type 4

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35
Q

It’s the site of antibody and antigen binding

A

FAB

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36
Q

explain how immune complexes works

A

antibodies are attached to the antigen, once attached, it will be deposited to the tissue, antibodies in tissue will form immune complexes

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37
Q

the difference between salk and sabin’s polio vaccine

A

salk’s is IPV - inactivated polio vaccine

Sabin’s is OPV - oral polio vaccine

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38
Q

a process in which the body system is overwhelmed with the soluble antigen as there’s a continuous production of antibodies

A

immune complexes

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39
Q

___ is the region where the antigen is attached

A

FAB

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40
Q

when did salk and sabin developed the polio vaccine?

A

1949

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41
Q

the other part of antibody aside form the FAB

A

FC

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42
Q

these 2 developed the polio vaccine

A

Salk and Sabin

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43
Q

does inactivated viral vaccine still have pathogen?

A

yes

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44
Q

difference between attenuated and inactivated vaccine

A

attenuated has live pathogen but less virulent and the inactivated vaccine has the dead pathogen. nevertheless, both can still trigger immune response make an antibodies

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45
Q

examples of inactivated dead vaccine

A

cholera and typhoid fever

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46
Q

On what year do pasteur help to treat the dog-bitten boy?

A

1885

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47
Q

how many injections of vaccine are provided to the boy by luis pasteur?

A

12 injections of vaccine

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48
Q

what is the material used by luis pasteur to treat the dog-bitten boy?

A

infectious spinal cord from dog that
is dried for days

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49
Q

where does HLA is coded?

A

coded on the short arm of the chromosome 6

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50
Q

who created the first monoclonal antibibodies?

A

Kohler

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51
Q

what does HLA stands for?

A

human leukocytes antigen

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52
Q

in what year do kohler created the first monoclonal antibodies

A

1975

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53
Q

these are the high end antibodies

A

monoclonal antibodies

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54
Q

HLA is also known nowadays as

A

histocompatibility complex

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55
Q

it is used for test kits as test kits need to detect highly specific antigens

A

monoclonal antibodies

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56
Q

it can recognize foreign substances if accepted or rejected in the body

A

HLA (human leukocytes antigen)
o Aka major histocompatibility complex

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57
Q

HBV is also known as

A

Serum hepatitis

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58
Q

___ originated from the thymus

A

t cells

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59
Q

the process of t cells regulating the innate and adaptive immunity by producing cytokines and stimulating b cells is called

A

cell mediated immunity

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60
Q

what is the major role of t cells

A

T-cells regulate innate and adaptive immunity (major role)

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61
Q

what is the precursor cells of t cells

A

lymphocyte

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62
Q

what are the 3 sub types of t cells?

A

helper t cells
cytolytic/cytotoxic t cells
regulatory t cells

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63
Q

how do t cells regulate the innate and adaptive immunity?

A

by producing CYTOKINES and stimulating B CELLS

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64
Q

it is a chemical messenger that will influence other activities of the cells such as stimulating b cells

A

cytokines

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65
Q

most commonly acquired laboratory infection

A

HEPATITIS B

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66
Q

what is the function of b cells

A

antibody production

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67
Q

co infection in hbv

A

HEPA D

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68
Q

where does the differentiation of tcells happen?

A

within the thymus

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69
Q

what is the lymphocyte precursor of our tcells?

A

thymocyte

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70
Q

in order for our t cells to have an expression, who’s responsible for it?

A

cd3 marker

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71
Q

why do cytokines stimulate b cells, what is the main role of b cells?

A

it produce antibodies

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72
Q

it is the cluster of differentiation for the t cells; it identifies the t cells subtypes

A

CD 3 marker

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73
Q

which t cells are(is) the CD4?

A

Helper or regulatory cells

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74
Q

which t cells are(is) the CD8?

A

Cytotoxic or cytolytic cells

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75
Q

what is the ratio of cd4 and cd8 in peripheral blood smear?

A

2:1 , two is to 1

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76
Q

what year is the toll-like receptors are identified

A

1996-1998

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76
Q

TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR IS ALSO CALLED AS

A

PRR - patter recognition receptor

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77
Q

It provides surveillance for the immune system, it depends on the molecular pattern recognition of a specific pathogen

A

Toll-like receptor

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78
Q

it is a specific gene that directly regulates t cell development

A

FOXP3

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79
Q

on what year is the foxp3 reognized/

A

2001

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79
Q

year the papilloma virus vaccine is created

A

2005

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80
Q

who created the papilloma virus vaxx?

A

fraxer

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81
Q

what is the causative agent of cervical cancer?

A

human papilloma virus

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82
Q

it’s a kind of immunity that is non specific

A

natural or innate immunity

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83
Q

natural immunity is also called as

A

innate immunity

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84
Q

acquired immunity is also calls as

A

adaptive immunity

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85
Q

this type of immunity is naturally occurring and has a standard way to fight antigens

A

natural or innate immunity

85
Q

the distinct feature of natural or innate immunity

A

they don’t have any memory b cell

86
Q

what is the only defense for natural immunity?

A

exogenous and the endogenous

87
Q

what is included on the exogenous defense

A

skin

88
Q

what is included on endogenous substances

A
  • gastric juice or the hydrochloric acid of our stomach
  • phagocytosis
89
Q

what are the phagocytoticcells

A

(neutrophil, monocyte, macrophages)

90
Q

what is the other term for neuthrophil?

A

polymorphonuclearcells

91
Q
A
92
Q
A
92
Q
A
92
Q
A
93
Q
A
94
Q
A
94
Q
A
95
Q
A
96
Q
A
97
Q
A
98
Q

what is the other leukocyte that is included on our natural or innate immunity?

A
  • natural killer cells
98
Q

it is a type of immunity that is specific

A

adaptive or acquired immunity

98
Q

it is not present at birth but it has diverse response to all antigens

A

adaptive or acquired immunity

98
Q

why is the secondary response better than the primary response?

A

because it has memory b cells that will appreciate the previously encounter antigen

98
Q

how many defense system are there in immunity?

A

3 defense system

98
Q

what is the 2nd line defense system?

A

internal defense system

98
Q

what is the first line defense system?

A

external defense system

98
Q

fatty acid is produced by?

A

sebaceous gland

98
Q

CHOOSE ONE:

PRIMARY RESPONSE IS BETTER THAN SECONDARY RESPONSE
SECONDARY RESPONSE IS BETTER THAT THE PRIMARY RESPONSE

A

SECONDARY RESPONSE IS BETTER THAT THE PRIMARY RESPONSE

98
Q

where can we see the mucous membranes?

A

nose, ears, mouth
(portal of entry)

98
Q

what is the 3rd line defense system?

A

adaptive or acquired immunity

99
Q

lactic acid is produced by?

A

sweat glands

99
Q

composed of structural/physical
barriers that prevent most infectious agents from entering the body.

A

external defense system

99
Q

what are the external defense system?

A
  • Linings of the respiratory tract
  • Skin and mucosal membrane surfaces
  • Secretions
99
Q

where can we found the lysozome?

A

tears and saliva, or in any aqueous humor

99
Q

hydrochloric acid is produced by

A

stomach

99
Q

what is the pH level does the stomach has?

A

1 pH of hcl

99
Q

What is the most important process in internal defense system?

A

phagocytosis

100
Q

how many ph does the fatty acid has ?

A

5.6 pH

100
Q

Involves in recognition of mannose that is not evident in human only in microorganisms

A

internal defense system

100
Q

diapedesis is also called?

A

leukocytes extravasation

100
Q

One of the defense system that is designed to recognize
molecules that are unique to infectious organism

A

internal defense system

100
Q

the process of moving out of the blood circulation

A

diapedesis

100
Q

explain the process of diapedesis

A

neutrophils will adhere on vessel walls, they will use their pseudopods, they will squeeze the conjunction of the cells, they will be able to go to the site of infection by then

100
Q

it directs the neutrophils to site of infection

A

chemotaxis

101
Q
A

towards the stimulus

102
Q

what is the most dominant wbc?

A

Neutrophil

102
Q

how do we distinguished neutrophils?

A

number of lobes - 3-5 lobes

102
Q

how many percent is the neutrophil in WBC?

A

50-70%

102
Q

what are the primary granules of Neutrophil?

A

myeloperoxidase,
elastase,
proteinase 3,
lysozyme,
cathepsin G,
defensins

102
Q

what are the secondary granules of neutrophls

A

collagenase,
lysozyme,
lactoferrin,
plasminogen activators,
ALP,
NADPH

102
Q

what are the tertiary granules of neutrophil?

A

gelatinase and plasminogen activator

103
Q

movement of
leukocyte out of circulatory system towards tissue
damage site

A

diapedesis

104
Q

it Also recruits non-specific leukocytes to assess damage

A

neutrophil

104
Q

how many percent is the eosinophil in circulating wbcs?

A

1-3%

105
Q

a wbc that Increases in allergic reactions and parasitic diseases

A

eosinophil

105
Q

what is the distinct characteristics of eosinophil?

A

reddish granules

106
Q

in terms of structure, eosinophil resembles what?

A

earmuffs

107
Q

neutrophil will increase if there’s ____ infection

A

bacterial

107
Q

igE will attached to eosinophil, once combined Eosinophil will release a granule called

A

ECP or eosinophil cationic protein

107
Q

other than the eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil will release another secondary granule that is SPECIFIC for killing the parasite

A

major basic protein

107
Q

the process of combining igE and eosinophil is called?

A

antibody dependent cell mediated
cytotoxicity or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

108
Q

primary granules of eosinophil

A

ACP, arylsulfatase

108
Q

secondary granules of eosinophil

A

Major Basic
Protein,
eosinophil
cationic
protein,
eosinophil peroxidase, eosinophil- derived
neurotoxin, phospholipase, histaminase,
aminopeptidase and ribonucleas

109
Q

the rarest wbc in differential counting

A

basophil

110
Q
A

away from the stimulus

110
Q

several factors that can be chemotactic to neutrophils

A
  • complement components
  • proteins from the coagulation cascade
    -products from the secretion of bacteria, viruses, and secretion from the mast cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages and other cells.
110
Q

list down the 3 complement pathway

A
  • classical
  • alternative
  • mannose binding lectin/lectin
110
Q

how many complement pathways do we have?

A

3

110
Q

what is the pathway for the internal defense system - antibody dependent

A
  • classical
110
Q

macrophages in brain are called

A

microglial

110
Q

what are the 3 phagocytic cells

A

N, M, MAC
NEUTROPHIL
MONOCYTE
MACROPHAGES

111
Q

macrophages in connective tissues are called

A

histiocytes

111
Q

what are antibody dependent pathways?

A

classical

111
Q

what are the antibody independent pathways?

A

alternative and mannose binding lectin

111
Q

other factors that can contribute on our internal defense system aside from the complement pathway

A

o Properdin
o Interferon
o TNF
o Beta-lysine

111
Q

inflammation and fever is inline with what reactants?

A

acute phase reactants

111
Q

how many hours do monocyte stays n our blood before it go to other sites?

A

70 hrs

111
Q

once the monocyte migrated to tissues out from the blood stream, it will not then be called as ___

A

macrophages

111
Q

macrophages in liver is called

A

kupffer cells

111
Q

macrophages in kidneys are called

A

mesangial cells

111
Q

what are the agranulocytes

A

MONA LISA
Monocyte and Lymphocyte

111
Q

what are the granulocytes?

A

BEN
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil

111
Q

It has been shown that lymphocytes, when
exposed to Interleukin 2, are capable of lysing
fresh, non-cultured cancer cells, both primary and
metastatic.

A

LAK cells (Lymphokine-activated Killer Cells

112
Q

kills viruses and tumor cells prior to
exposure.

A

NK cells or natural killer cells

113
Q

the cytokine that will activate lymphocytes to kill cancer cells

A

Interleukin 2

114
Q

list the components of cytokines (different types)

A

(IL, IFN, TNF, G-CSF, GM-CSF)
o Interleukines
o Interferons
o Tumor necrosis factor
o Granulocytes- colonies stimulating factors
o Granulocyte macrophages- colonies
stimulating factor

114
Q

what are the HUMORAL COMPONENT
OF THE NATURAL IMMUNITY

A

 Cytokines (IL, IFN, TNF, G-CSF, GM-CSF)
 Complement pathway
 Lysozymes
 Anti-microbial substances
 Beta-lysine

115
Q

inflammation and fever is inlign with what reactants?

A

acute phase reactants

116
Q

what is the normal constituent of human tears

A

beta-lysin

116
Q

a wbc that has bluesh purple granules

A

basophil

116
Q

a wbc that is Involved in immediate hypersensitivity
reactions

A

basophil

117
Q

a wbc that can regulate t helper cells and stimulate b cells to produce antibodies

A

basophil

118
Q

basophil can stimulate b cell to produce which kind of antibody?

A

IgE

119
Q

a wbc that has few hrs of life span

A

few hr in blood tream

119
Q

they tend to be pulled out by the macrophages once they died, where did they go once they died?

A

spleen

120
Q

a wbc that can be found in connective tissues

A

mast cells

121
Q

a wbc that are widely spread all over the body thus can be found everywhre

A

mast cells

122
Q

Has small round nucleus, moe granules, long
life span (9-18 months)

A

mast cells

123
Q

mast cells has what granules?

A

Granules contain ACP, ALP, and protease

124
Q

the distinct feature of mast cells is that it has very ___ nucleus

A

small round

125
Q

the largest wbc

A

monocytes

126
Q

how many percent do monocyte constituent in circulating wbc?

A

4-10 %

127
Q

circulate for 70 hours in
bloodstream, if no foreign substance, it will go to
tissue as a

A

macrophage

128
Q

Possess grayish-blue cytoplasm

A

monocyte

129
Q

3 acceptable appearance of monocyte

A

ground glass, kidney-bean
shaped or horseshoe appearance

130
Q

granules found in monocytes

A

peroxidase, ACP,
arylsulfatase

Other type of granule contains B
glucuronidase, lysozyme and lipase

131
Q

aside from the neutrophil, it increases when there’s a bacterial infection

A

monocyte

132
Q

larger version of monocyte in tissues

A

macrophages

133
Q

a difference in granules compared to monocyte

A

Granules contain NO PEROXIDASE at all compared
with monocytes.

134
Q

functions in
microbial killing, tumoricidal activity, killing of
intracellular parasites, phagocytosis, secretion of
cell mediators and antigen presentation.

A

MACROPHAGES

135
Q

it causes an increase in the number of ER, lysosomes
and mitochondria

A

macrophages

136
Q

dendritic cells are expressed through what?

A

through the progenitors of our bone marrow

137
Q

antigen presenting cell

A

dendritic cell

138
Q

Function is to phagocytosed antigen and present
it to T-helper cells

A

dendritic cell

139
Q

most potent or most effective cell

A

dendritic cell

140
Q

how dendritic cells capture antigen

A

through endocytosis and phagocytosis

141
Q

after capturing antigen they will present it to what wbc?

A

will present to t cells

142
Q

the other term for PRR or pattern recognition receptor

A

toll like receptor

143
Q

a protein discovered ina fruit fly

A

PRR or toll like receptor

144
Q

what particular fruit fly is the prr discovered?

A

drosophila

145
Q

It plays an important role in antifungal immunity
in the adult fly

A

PRR (Toll-like Receptors)

146
Q

Highest concentrations are found in monocytes,
macrophages, neutrophils

A

PRR (Toll-like Receptors)

147
Q

fruit fly’s protein has a similar effects in terms of molecule of the human leukocytes and some other cell types

A

PRR (Toll-like Receptors)

148
Q

Highest concentrations are found in monocytes,
macrophages, neutrophils

A

PRR (Toll-like Receptors)

149
Q

it Provide surveillance , which is associated with the molecular patterns

A

PRR (Toll-like Receptors)

150
Q

TLR2 will is inline with the __

A

peptidoglycan of gram positive bacteria

150
Q

the one that will hydrolyze and will provide surveillance for the toll like receptor

A

NBS-LRR proteins (nucleotide-binding site and
Leucine rich repeat)

151
Q

what are the different toll like receptor

A

TLR 1
TLR 2
TLR 4

152
Q

TLR 1 will provide surveillance to what?

A

will recognize lipoprotein of mycobacteria

153
Q

TLR 4 is inline with the ___

A

lipopolysaccharide of a gram negative bacteria

154
Q
A

IMSE LEC (15 decks)

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