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IMSE LEC > cytokines > Flashcards

cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

are small soluble proteins that regulate the immune system, orchestrating both innate immunity and the adaptive response to infection

A

cytokines

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2
Q

SIGNALING POLYPEPTIDE – chemical messengers that can influence the other activities of the cell

A

CYTOKINES

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3
Q

are cytokines specific?

A

yes, they only respond to specific stimuli

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4
Q

a wbc which activity are regulated by cytokines

A

Lymphocytes

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5
Q

how cytokines help and affect the in vivo system?

A

it helps in terms of regulation of growth, differentiation, and gene expression

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6
Q

The ___ (i.e., having many different effects) nature of cytokine activity relates to the widespread distribution of cytokine receptors on many cell types and the ability of cytokines to alter expression of numerous genes

A

pleiotropic or Pleiotropism

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7
Q
  • One pleiotropic effect of certain cytokines, is that, it can ___
A

alter the expression of several genes.

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8
Q

A cytokine that has many different effects/function

A

pleotrophic

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9
Q

cytokines that share the same receptor. Not usually happened

A

redundancy

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10
Q

example of redundancy

A

Example: T-cell proliferation, proliferation has their own receptor B-cell

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11
Q

Massive uncontrolled overproduction and dysregulation of cytokines may lead to SMD, what is SMD?

A

A. Shock
B. Multi-organ failure or
C. Death

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12
Q

Also called the __ because unable to control the main production of cytokines within our body

A

cytokine storm

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13
Q

When there’s an overproduction or uncontrolled cytokines, the ___ will take over to control it

A

ANTAGONIST

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14
Q

An example of a pleiotropic cytokines

A

IL 2

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15
Q

– main cytokines in connection with the T-cells proliferation, B-cell proliferation, and natural killer cell

A

IL 2

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16
Q

Not only involved in 1 cell, it is involved in the 3 major population of our lymphocytes (t cell, b cell, nk)

A

IL 2

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17
Q

About the image:
Redundancy:
__are the ones responsible for the B cell proliferation and secretion of anti-bodies
They all share the same receptor

A

IL 2, IL4, IL5

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18
Q

:
One will not work if the other is not involved – sharing of the same mechanism

A

Synergy

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19
Q

in the image, example of the synergy

A

Example:
B cell production of IgE – IL 4 and IL 5 will work together. IL 4 will not work without IL 5

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20
Q

affecting the same cell that secreted it.

cytokines are released by t cells – cytokines are till involved in t cell differentiation

A

autocrine

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21
Q

affecting a target cell in close proximity.

A

paracrine

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22
Q

example of paracrine

A

Example: lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK)
Lymphocytes must be exposed first to IL 2 to become LAK to kill tumors via cultured/lysing the targets

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23
Q

occasionally, cytokines will also exert systemic activities.

A

Endocrine

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24
Q
  • cooperative effect of multiple cytokines// one will not work without the other
A

synergy

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25
Q

inhibition of one cytokine effects by another cytokine

A

antagonist

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26
Q

regulates the activity of the same types of cytokines
For overproduction and uncontrolled cytokines// to manage and monitor the actions of other cytokines

A

antagonist

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27
Q

DIFFERENT TYPES/FAMILIES CYTOKINES

A

 Tumor Necrosis factors (TNF)
 Interferons (IFN)
 Chemokines
 Transforming Growth Factors (TGF)
 Colony Stimulating factors (CSF)
 Interleukins (IL)

28
Q

Cytokines involved in the innate immune response are responsible for many of the physical symptoms attributed to ___, such as fever, swelling, pain, and cellular infiltrates into damaged tissues.

A

inflammation

29
Q

example of the Inflammatory agent responsible for the innate immune response of the cytokines

A

Cytokines involved in triggering this response are interleukin-1, , interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, chemokines, transforming growth factor-beta, and interferons-alpha and beta.

30
Q

Mediator of the innate immune response

A

IL 1

31
Q

Types of IL-1

A

a. IL-1α
b. IL-1β

32
Q

A TYPE OF INTERLEUKIN 1 THAT IS Pro-inflammatory cytokines produce by monocytes and macrophage

A

a. IL-1α
b. IL-1β

33
Q

a type of interleukin 1 that also produced by monocytes and macrophages. It acts as an antagonist to IL-1 by blocking the IL-1 receptor and limiting the availability of the receptor for IL-1

A

IL-1RA (IL-1 Receptor antagonist):

34
Q

This helps to regulate the physiological response to IL-1 and turn off the response when no longer needed

A

IL-1RA (IL-1 Receptor antagonist):

35
Q
  • Principal mediator of the acute inflammatory response to gram-negative bacteria and other infectious microbes
A

TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR (TNF)

36
Q
  • Stimulates gene transcription or induces apoptosis
    o Apoptosis is connected with the program cell death
A

TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR (TNF)

37
Q

One of the family of TNF

A

TNF - alpha

38
Q

 were first isolated from tumor cells and were so named because they induced lysis in these cells

A

TNF a

39
Q

The most prominent member of the TNF family.

A

TNF a

40
Q

TNF-α exists in both membrane-bound and soluble forms and causes vasodilation and increased ___. – first inflammatory response

A

vasopermeability

41
Q

TNF a is Secreted by ___

A

activated monocytes and macrophage

42
Q

___ is a single protein produced by both lymphoid and nonlymphoid cell types

A

IL-6

43
Q

It is part of the cytokine cascade released in response to lipopolysaccharide and plays an important role in acute phase reactions and the adaptive immune response

A

IL 6

44
Q

___is expressed by a variety of normal and transformed cells, including T cells, B cells, monocytes and macrophages, fibroblasts, hepatocytes, keratinocytes, astrocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and various tumor cells

A

IL-6

45
Q

Associated with IL-1 because this primarily triggers its secretion.

A

IL 6

46
Q

PLEOMORPHIC ACTIVITIES OF IL-6

A

 Inflammation
 Acute phase reactions
 Immunoglobulins synthesis
 Activation states of B cells and T cells
 Proliferation and differentiation of B cells into
 Plasma cells

47
Q

are a family of cytokines that enhance motility and promote migration of many types of white blood cells toward the source of the chemokine (chemotaxis)

A

CHEMOKINES

48
Q
  • ___ mechanism is to attract the other activities of the neutrophils so that they will tend to go to the inflamed site.
A

Chemotaxis

49
Q

The chemokines are classified into four families based on the position of N-terminal cysteine residues. What are those?

A

 Alpha, or CXC, chemokine:
 Beta or CC, chemokines:
 C chemokines:
 CX3C:

50
Q

one of he 4 fam of chemokines

contains a single amino acid between the first and second cysteines.

A

 Alpha, or CXC, chemokine

51
Q

one of the 4 fam of the chemokine

has adjacent cysteine residues.

A

 Beta or CC, chemokines

52
Q

one of the 4 fam of the chemokine
lacks one of the cysteines

A

 C chemokines

53
Q

one of the 4 fam of the chemokine
has three amino acids between the cysteines.

A

 CX3C

54
Q

was originally characterized as a factor that induced growth arrest in tumor cells.

Later, it was identified as a factor that induces antiproliferative activity in a wide variety of cell types.

A

TGF- β

55
Q
  • Associated with t regulatory cells
  • Antiproliferative – they suppresses our immune system to prevent self-reacting antigen
  • Helps to prevent auto immune diseases
A

TGF - b

56
Q

Called interferons because they tend to interfere

A

IFN-α and IFN-β

57
Q
  • Has immunoregulatory effects
A

Immunoregulation

58
Q

type of interferon that is also known as non immune interferon

  • because they are produced primarily during initial innate response to viral infection.
A

Type 1 IFN

59
Q

IFN - a is also called as

A

Also called leukocyte interferon

60
Q

ifn a is primarily roduced by the

A

mononuclear phagocytes. - Natural Killer cells is the main producer of the mononuclear phagocytes

61
Q

IFN-β
primarily produced by

A

Fibroblast

62
Q

Subclasses of T-helper cells

A

TH1 TH2 T REG

63
Q

TH1 produces ?

A

IL-2, IFN-γ

64
Q

th2 produces

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-10

65
Q

function of treg

A

o Helps the regulate the activities of Th1 and Th2

66
Q
A

IMSE LEC (15 decks)

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