cytokines Flashcards
are small soluble proteins that regulate the immune system, orchestrating both innate immunity and the adaptive response to infection
cytokines
SIGNALING POLYPEPTIDE – chemical messengers that can influence the other activities of the cell
CYTOKINES
are cytokines specific?
yes, they only respond to specific stimuli
a wbc which activity are regulated by cytokines
Lymphocytes
how cytokines help and affect the in vivo system?
it helps in terms of regulation of growth, differentiation, and gene expression
The ___ (i.e., having many different effects) nature of cytokine activity relates to the widespread distribution of cytokine receptors on many cell types and the ability of cytokines to alter expression of numerous genes
pleiotropic or Pleiotropism
- One pleiotropic effect of certain cytokines, is that, it can ___
alter the expression of several genes.
A cytokine that has many different effects/function
pleotrophic
cytokines that share the same receptor. Not usually happened
redundancy
example of redundancy
Example: T-cell proliferation, proliferation has their own receptor B-cell
Massive uncontrolled overproduction and dysregulation of cytokines may lead to SMD, what is SMD?
A. Shock
B. Multi-organ failure or
C. Death
Also called the __ because unable to control the main production of cytokines within our body
cytokine storm
When there’s an overproduction or uncontrolled cytokines, the ___ will take over to control it
ANTAGONIST
An example of a pleiotropic cytokines
IL 2
– main cytokines in connection with the T-cells proliferation, B-cell proliferation, and natural killer cell
IL 2
Not only involved in 1 cell, it is involved in the 3 major population of our lymphocytes (t cell, b cell, nk)
IL 2
About the image:
Redundancy:
__are the ones responsible for the B cell proliferation and secretion of anti-bodies
They all share the same receptor
IL 2, IL4, IL5
:
One will not work if the other is not involved – sharing of the same mechanism
Synergy
in the image, example of the synergy
Example:
B cell production of IgE – IL 4 and IL 5 will work together. IL 4 will not work without IL 5
affecting the same cell that secreted it.
cytokines are released by t cells – cytokines are till involved in t cell differentiation
autocrine
affecting a target cell in close proximity.
paracrine
example of paracrine
Example: lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK)
Lymphocytes must be exposed first to IL 2 to become LAK to kill tumors via cultured/lysing the targets
occasionally, cytokines will also exert systemic activities.
Endocrine
- cooperative effect of multiple cytokines// one will not work without the other
synergy
inhibition of one cytokine effects by another cytokine
antagonist
regulates the activity of the same types of cytokines
For overproduction and uncontrolled cytokines// to manage and monitor the actions of other cytokines
antagonist
DIFFERENT TYPES/FAMILIES CYTOKINES
Tumor Necrosis factors (TNF)
Interferons (IFN)
Chemokines
Transforming Growth Factors (TGF)
Colony Stimulating factors (CSF)
Interleukins (IL)
Cytokines involved in the innate immune response are responsible for many of the physical symptoms attributed to ___, such as fever, swelling, pain, and cellular infiltrates into damaged tissues.
inflammation
example of the Inflammatory agent responsible for the innate immune response of the cytokines
Cytokines involved in triggering this response are interleukin-1, , interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, chemokines, transforming growth factor-beta, and interferons-alpha and beta.
Mediator of the innate immune response
IL 1
Types of IL-1
a. IL-1α
b. IL-1β
A TYPE OF INTERLEUKIN 1 THAT IS Pro-inflammatory cytokines produce by monocytes and macrophage
a. IL-1α
b. IL-1β
a type of interleukin 1 that also produced by monocytes and macrophages. It acts as an antagonist to IL-1 by blocking the IL-1 receptor and limiting the availability of the receptor for IL-1
IL-1RA (IL-1 Receptor antagonist):
This helps to regulate the physiological response to IL-1 and turn off the response when no longer needed
IL-1RA (IL-1 Receptor antagonist):
- Principal mediator of the acute inflammatory response to gram-negative bacteria and other infectious microbes
TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR (TNF)
- Stimulates gene transcription or induces apoptosis
o Apoptosis is connected with the program cell death
TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR (TNF)
One of the family of TNF
TNF - alpha
were first isolated from tumor cells and were so named because they induced lysis in these cells
TNF a
The most prominent member of the TNF family.
TNF a
TNF-α exists in both membrane-bound and soluble forms and causes vasodilation and increased ___. – first inflammatory response
vasopermeability
TNF a is Secreted by ___
activated monocytes and macrophage
___ is a single protein produced by both lymphoid and nonlymphoid cell types
IL-6
It is part of the cytokine cascade released in response to lipopolysaccharide and plays an important role in acute phase reactions and the adaptive immune response
IL 6
___is expressed by a variety of normal and transformed cells, including T cells, B cells, monocytes and macrophages, fibroblasts, hepatocytes, keratinocytes, astrocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and various tumor cells
IL-6
Associated with IL-1 because this primarily triggers its secretion.
IL 6
PLEOMORPHIC ACTIVITIES OF IL-6
Inflammation
Acute phase reactions
Immunoglobulins synthesis
Activation states of B cells and T cells
Proliferation and differentiation of B cells into
Plasma cells
are a family of cytokines that enhance motility and promote migration of many types of white blood cells toward the source of the chemokine (chemotaxis)
CHEMOKINES
- ___ mechanism is to attract the other activities of the neutrophils so that they will tend to go to the inflamed site.
Chemotaxis
The chemokines are classified into four families based on the position of N-terminal cysteine residues. What are those?
Alpha, or CXC, chemokine:
Beta or CC, chemokines:
C chemokines:
CX3C:
one of he 4 fam of chemokines
contains a single amino acid between the first and second cysteines.
Alpha, or CXC, chemokine
one of the 4 fam of the chemokine
has adjacent cysteine residues.
Beta or CC, chemokines
one of the 4 fam of the chemokine
lacks one of the cysteines
C chemokines
one of the 4 fam of the chemokine
has three amino acids between the cysteines.
CX3C
was originally characterized as a factor that induced growth arrest in tumor cells.
Later, it was identified as a factor that induces antiproliferative activity in a wide variety of cell types.
TGF- β
- Associated with t regulatory cells
- Antiproliferative – they suppresses our immune system to prevent self-reacting antigen
- Helps to prevent auto immune diseases
TGF - b
Called interferons because they tend to interfere
IFN-α and IFN-β
- Has immunoregulatory effects
Immunoregulation
type of interferon that is also known as non immune interferon
- because they are produced primarily during initial innate response to viral infection.
Type 1 IFN
IFN - a is also called as
Also called leukocyte interferon
ifn a is primarily roduced by the
mononuclear phagocytes. - Natural Killer cells is the main producer of the mononuclear phagocytes
IFN-β
primarily produced by
Fibroblast
Subclasses of T-helper cells
TH1 TH2 T REG
TH1 produces ?
IL-2, IFN-γ
th2 produces
IL-4, IL-5, IL-10
function of treg
o Helps the regulate the activities of Th1 and Th2
