ANTIBODY PART 2 Flashcards
___ is known as macroglobulin
IgM
the largest immunoglobulin
IgM
IgM has how many half life?
The half-life of IgM is about 10 days -
Half-life of IgM in SERUM is about 6 days
IgM is known as macroglobulin, because it has
sedimentation rate of ___,
19 S
IgM has a molecular weight of __
970,000
a form of IgM that is found in secretions
pentamer form
a form of IgM that is found in surface of b cells
monomer
The five monomeric units of IgM are held together by a ___
“J chain” or “joining chain
Which immunoglobulin joins IgM in the J chain
IgA (secretory IgA or IgA2)
it serves as a linkage between disulfide bonds between 2 adjacent monomers
J chain or joining chain
The primary response - first immunoglobulin to be appeared during the antigen stimulation
IgM
The first immunoglobulin to appear in a maturing infant
IgM
The most primitive antibody
IgM
The best one for complement fixation
IgM
which serologic reaction is best fit for IgM
agglutination reaction- no need of enhancement medium
Triggers the classical complement pathway, which is antibody dependent. This is triggered by the which antibody
because it has a single molecule that can initiate reaction and as a result it has multiple binding site
IgM
which classical pathway do IgM can activate?
classical pathway
IgM has how many binding site?
10
an immunoglobulin that is configured and assumes as a starlight shape
IgM
Can IgM cross placenta?
No, because of its large size
the response in which the exposure to the same antigen is called
secondary response
is also referred to as the longer
lag phase, meaning it has no or low antibody
production
Primary response
is referred to as the shorter lag
period and happens when it is exposed again with
the same antigen
Secondary response
do IgM has memory cells?
no memory cells
can IgM still exist in secondary response?
yes, but the IgG is much predominant in secondary response
how many percent do IgA constitute in the circulating immunoglobulins?
10- 15%
IgA has that appears as a monomer has a molecular weight of
160 000
IgA is synthesized in the plasma cells that could be found in the MALT and is released in what form
dimer or dimeric form
what is the antibody variation of IgA
allotype as it has subclasses
what are the 2 subclasses of IgA
IgA1 and IgA2
what is the form of IgA1
monomer
what is the form of IgA2
dimer
IgA1 is found in ___ as monomer. Lacks
secretory component
serum
IgA2, is found as a dimer along with what organs and secretions?
respiratory, urogenital, and intestinal
mucosa, and it also appears in milk, saliva, tears, and sweat.
In IgA2
____, which has a molecular weight of about 70,000, is later attached to
the FC region around the hinge portion of the alpha chains
A secretory component (SC)
IgA2 is produced by
epithelial cells
a subclass of IgA that is is more
resistant from the bacterial proteinases
IgA2
IgA is synthesized in the ____ that could be
found in the MALT and is released in dimeric form
plasma cells
where can we found the IgD
found on the surface of
immunocompetent but unstimulated lymphocytes
It is the second type of immunoglobulin to appear
IgD
Plays an important role in B cell activation
IgD
The least abundant immunoglobulin in the serum,
IgE
how many percent do IgE constitute?
0.0005 percent
The most heat-labile of all immunoglobulins
IgE
heating of serum to 56C for between 30 minutes and 3 hours results in
___ of IgE and ____
conformational changes; loss of ability to bind to target cells.
this immunoglobulin does not participate in the common immunoglobulin reaction such as complement fixation,
agglutination, or opsonization
IgE
what is the immunoglobulin that may attach to basophil and tissue mast cells
IgE
a specific receptor of IgE is called
Fceri receptor
This immunoglobulin also mediates some types of hypersensitivity
(allergic reactions) and anaphylaxis, and is generally
responsible for an individual immunity against invading parasites
IgE
Hypersensitivity reaction- correlated with the IgE is
the ____reaction or the
____
Type 1 hypersensitivity ; anaphylactic hypersensitivity
what are the wbc that the IgE can attach into?
BASOPHIL AND MAST CELLS
Type 1 hyper senstivity
short time lag or long time lag?
short time lag - reactions can be seen immediately
Electrophoretic activity of the immunoglobulins are
found within what region?
gamma regions
Placental barrier; which immunoglobulin is it?
IgG
what are the pathways that IgM, IgG, and IgA can trigger?
IgG - classical
IgM - classical
IgA - alternative
what is the immune mediator of type 1, 2, 3, 4 hypersensitivity
Type 1 - IgE
Type 2 - IgG or IgM
Type 3 - IgG or IgM
Type 4 - T cells
which type of hypersensitivity does not involve the immunoglobulin as its immune mediator?
Type 4 - delayed hypersensitivity
which type of hypersensitivity is associated with the immune complexes or the antigen-antibody complexes?
Type 3
Attempts to explain the specificity of antibody for a
particular antigen began long before the actual
structure of immunoglobulins was discovered.
ANTIBODY DIVERSITY
4 theories of antibody diversity
Erlich Side-Chain Theory
Clonal Selection Theory
Template Theory
Selective Theory
___ postulated that certain cells had specific surface receptors for antigen that were present before contact with antigen occurred.
Ehrlich
the most simplest form of all the antibody diversity
Ehrlich’s side chain
antibody diversity that is based on the lock and key method
ehrlich’s side chain method
antibody diversity
Antibody and antigen should match (retrofitted) so
they could build in the capacity to respond from
each other
ehrlich’s side chain
the best theory for antibody diversity
clonal selection theory
an antibody diversity that has pre-programmed reaction
clonal selection theory
The key premise is that individual lymphocytes are
genetically preprogrammed to produce one type of
immunoglobulin and that a specific antigen finds or
selects those particular cells capable of responding to
it, causing them to proliferate.
clonal selection theory
This theory is the most accepted theory for the
antibody diversity
clonal selection theory
the template theory is made by
Felix Haurowitz
Second major theory of antibody diversity in 1930’s
template theory
an antibody diversity theory
Antibody-producing cells are capable of synthesizing
a generalized type of antibody, and when contact
with an antigen occurs, the antigen serves as a MOLD
or template and alters protein synthesis so the
antibody with a specific fit is made.
template theory
antibody diversity
This specific antibody produced enters the
circulation, while antigen remains behind to direct
further synthesis
template theory
In template theory, The antibodies are released generally, meaning
there is still no encountered antigen
true or false
true
In conjunction with the labeled immunoassay,
which are used in serological testing (test kits,
POCT, and highly labeled immunoassay.
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
a high specific type of antibody
monoclonal antibody
associated with the reagents used in the laboratory
monoclonal antibody
___ discovered a
technique to produce antibody arising from a single
B cell.
George Kohler and Cesar Milstein
Kohler and Milstein’s technique fuses an activated B
cell with a ___ cell that can be grown
indefinitely in the laboratory.
myeloma cell
why is myeloma cell used in monoclonal antibody?
it lacks an enzyme HGPRT
HGPRT means
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
An important enzyme to synthesize
nucleotides
from hypoxanthine and thymidine
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
which animal is used to produced hybridoma or monoclonal antibodies?
lab mouse
explain the process of making hybridoma
- immuning the lab mouse with antigen
- harvest the spleen cells of the mouse
- fuse it with PEG (polyethylene glycol)
- culture in a culture media HAT- (hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine)
- identify which cell line which cell line will survive
Hybridoma - will grow
spleen and myeloma will die
the first fusing medium used for hybridoma production
polyethylene glycol
what is the culture media usedfor the hybridoma production
HAT- hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine
why spleen cells will die upon the process of hybridoma production
spleen cells came from b cells which cab’t live in HAT
why myeloma cells will die upon the process of hybridoma production
Myeloma cells will die because it can not utilize hypoxanthine
and thymidine because it does not have HGPRT
WHAT IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
hybridoma production
