part 2 lec1t INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY Flashcards
Engulfment of cells and particulate matter by
leukocyte, macrophage and other cells.
phagocytosis
a process where Cells are attracted to the site of inflammation by
chemical substances
chemotaxis
Positive chemotaxis: ___ the stimulus
Towards
Negative chemotaxis: ____ from the
stimulus
Away
examples of chemotaxins
Ex. C5a, C5b, C6, C7
Coating of Antibody and/or complement to FACILITATE
phagocytosis.
OPSONIZATION
examples of opsonins
C3b, C4b, C5b (complement components), fibronectin,
leukotrienes, immunoglobulins
it is a common component of serum
opsonins or opsonization
steps in opsonization
- Physical contact between the WBC and the foreign
particle - Formation of phagosome
- Fusion with cytoplasmic granule to form
phagolysosome - Digestion and release of debris to the outside
(exocytosis)
a process in which the leukocytes are prepared in phagocytosis/preparation for eating
opsonization
why is there an attachment with the foreign substance and the leukocytes, it is because of the?
opsonins
are serum proteins that can be attached and helps to prepare for it in the process of phagocytosis
opsonins
once attached, there will be an ___ ___ in the cytoplasm
overflowing
2 types of phagocytosis
indirect and direct
a type of phagocytosis that is Via OPSONIN receptors that recognize
opsonins such as IgG, CRP and C3b bound to
microorganisms.
indirect
a type of phagocytosis that is Via Pattern Recognition Receptors that
recognize lipid and carbohydrate sequences
on microorganisms.
direct phagocytosis
what are the different pathway of killing pathogens by phagocytes?
oxygen dependent and oxygen independent
a pathway of killing pathogen which respiratory burst occurs
oxygen dependent
occurs when the
cytoplasmic pseudopods enclosed the
particle within a vacuole.
respiratory burst
a pathway of killing pathogens by phagocytes where there will be a Production of nitric oxide from oxidation of L
arginine by NO synthase which is produced
by IFN-gamma activated cells.
oxygen independent
in oxygen independent pathway, ___ is induced when the
phagocytic cell comes in contact with a
microorganism.
Nitric oxide synthetase
what are the characteristic of nitric oxide
soluble, highly labile, free radical gas that is capable of operating against organisms that invade cytosol
In the presence of other reactive oxygen species
within the phagosome, nitric oxide is converted to
____ and other products, which are highly
toxic to bacteria, yeast and viruses
peroxynitrite
The overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion
by an infectious agent.
inflammation
both ___ and ____ mechanism are involve in this complex
cellular and humoral
____ cause release of vasoactive and
chemotactic factors that trigger a local increase in
blood flow and capillary permeability.
Tissue damage
the characteristic of capillaries being ___ to allow the influx of fluids and cells
permeable
in oxygen dependent, it is a creation of ____ inside the phagocytic cell
oxygen radicals
events in inflammatory response
- increase of blood supply and fluid
- vasodilation
- adherence of neutrophil to vessel walls - followed by the macrophage and monocyte
- migration of wbcs to injured site/diapedesis
a process when there’s an increase of capillary permeability
vasodilation
They are produced primarily by hepatocytes within
12-24 hours in response to an increase in certain
intracellular signaling polypeptides called cytokines.
acute phase reactants
acute phase reactants are produces by
hepatocytes
hepatocytes will produce acute phase reactants when there’s an increase in intracellular signaling polypeptides called ____
cytokines
what are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
calor, dolor, tumor, rubor
rubor means ___
redness
calor means
heat
tumor means
swelling
dolor means
pain
function laesa means
loss of function
2 major acute phase reactant
c reactive protein and serum amyloid A
c reactive protein’s 2 major function is
opsonization and complement activation
serum amyloid A’s purpose is
removal of cholesterol
Were originally named because they literally interfere
with viral replication process in an infected cell.
interferons
a humoral component component of natural immunity that has a role in immunoregulation
interferon
type 1 interferon is also known as
non-immune IFN/interferon
a type of interferon that is
produced primarily during initial innate response to
viral infection
type 1 IFN or non-immune interferon
2 types of TYPE 1 IFN
interferon a and interferon b
(alpha and beta)
IFN- a (interferon alpha) is primarily produced by
mononuclear phagocytes
IFN-b (Interferon-beta) is primarily produced by
fibroblast
type 2 IFN is also known as
immune ifn
a type of interferon that is primarily produced as a component of the specific
immune response to viral and other pathogens.
type 2 ifn
a major produces of interferon alpha is the
natural killer cells (mono nuclear phagocyte)
IFN- b is also called as __ because it’s produced by fibroblast
fibroblast interferon
type 2 interferon is mainly produced by the
t cells
type 2 interferons are produced by the t cells specifically the
TH1 -
th1 is produced by
the gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor- beta
the th2 that is under the type 2 interferon can produced a variety of ____
interleukins including the 4, five, 10 and 30
the th2 we have as well has an essential role for ___ pathogens
extracellular
Major mediator of the innate defense against gram
negative bactreria
tnf or tumor necrosis factor
can also directly trigger apoptotic death of some
tumor cells through a receptor-mediated mechanism.
tumor necrosis factor
it is a pro inflammatory agent together with interleukins
TNF
TNF - it is a pro inflammatory agent together with interleukins
what interleukins are those?
IL-1, IL-6, IL-8:
it induce secretions of apr’s
tnf
tnf-a alpha is also known as
cachectin
tnf a are produced by
macrophages
tnf - b beta is also known as
lymphotoxin
tnf-beta is produced by
cd 4 and cd 8 cells
is a complex series of more than 30
soluble and cell-bound proteins that interact in a very
specific way to enhance host defense mechanisms
against foreign cells.
complement
are complement in complemen pathway, heat labile or not?
heat labile
a term “complement” was given by who?
paul ehrlich 1980s
in year ___, _____ was awarded a Noble Prize for
elucidating the nature of complement.
jules bordet
what are the Effects of complement activation:
o Complement activation Promotes:
o Activation of immune system
o Opsonization (C3b, C4b, C5b) and
o eventually result to LYSIS of Foreign cells and
Immune complexes.
the chronic activation of complement pathway will lead to
inflammation and tissue damage
Most plasma complement proteins are synthesized in
the
liver
once the zymogen is activated t will then become
holoenzyme
They are released in inactive precursors.
zymogens
how many proteins are in classical pathway?
9
alternative pathway is originally called as
properdin system
antibody dependent is part of what defense system
natural defense system
how properdin protein works in alternative pathway?
to stabilize the enzyme complex which is the c3b3b
lectin pathway’s major constituent is the
mannose
where can we found mannose?
outer covering surface of bacteria, yeast, viruses, and protozoa
what are the cellular components of adaptive immunity?
b cells and t cells
b cells and t cells came from the
plasma cells
humoral components of adaptive immunity
lymphokines and antibodies
2 types of active adative
natural and artificial
natural acquired active immunity
memory b cells
articially acquired active immunity
attenuated vaccine, inactivated vaccine, toxoids
natural acquired passive immunity
birth - transplacental transfer of maternal immunity
what antibody is transferred through birth
IgG
hhuman colostrum - what antibody is related
IgG and IgA
artificial acquired passive
administration of immunoglobulins
example of artificial passive immunity
anti rabies and rhogam
rH immune globulin given to pregnant women to prevent the hemolytic disease of a new born
Rhogam
