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IMSE LEC > part 2 lec1t INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY > Flashcards

part 2 lec1t INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Engulfment of cells and particulate matter by
leukocyte, macrophage and other cells.

A

phagocytosis

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2
Q

a process where Cells are attracted to the site of inflammation by
chemical substances

A

chemotaxis

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3
Q

Positive chemotaxis: ___ the stimulus

A

Towards

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4
Q

Negative chemotaxis: ____ from the
stimulus

A

Away

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5
Q

examples of chemotaxins

A

Ex. C5a, C5b, C6, C7

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6
Q

Coating of Antibody and/or complement to FACILITATE
phagocytosis.

A

OPSONIZATION

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7
Q

examples of opsonins

A

C3b, C4b, C5b (complement components), fibronectin,
leukotrienes, immunoglobulins

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8
Q

it is a common component of serum

A

opsonins or opsonization

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9
Q

steps in opsonization

A
  1. Physical contact between the WBC and the foreign
    particle
  2. Formation of phagosome
  3. Fusion with cytoplasmic granule to form
    phagolysosome
  4. Digestion and release of debris to the outside
    (exocytosis)
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10
Q

a process in which the leukocytes are prepared in phagocytosis/preparation for eating

A

opsonization

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11
Q

why is there an attachment with the foreign substance and the leukocytes, it is because of the?

A

opsonins

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12
Q

are serum proteins that can be attached and helps to prepare for it in the process of phagocytosis

A

opsonins

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13
Q

once attached, there will be an ___ ___ in the cytoplasm

A

overflowing

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14
Q

2 types of phagocytosis

A

indirect and direct

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15
Q

a type of phagocytosis that is Via OPSONIN receptors that recognize
opsonins such as IgG, CRP and C3b bound to
microorganisms.

A

indirect

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16
Q

a type of phagocytosis that is Via Pattern Recognition Receptors that
recognize lipid and carbohydrate sequences
on microorganisms.

A

direct phagocytosis

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17
Q
A
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17
Q

what are the different pathway of killing pathogens by phagocytes?

A

oxygen dependent and oxygen independent

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18
Q
A
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18
Q

a pathway of killing pathogen which respiratory burst occurs

A

oxygen dependent

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19
Q

occurs when the
cytoplasmic pseudopods enclosed the
particle within a vacuole.

A

respiratory burst

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20
Q

a pathway of killing pathogens by phagocytes where there will be a Production of nitric oxide from oxidation of L
arginine by NO synthase which is produced
by IFN-gamma activated cells.

A

oxygen independent

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21
Q

in oxygen independent pathway, ___ is induced when the
phagocytic cell comes in contact with a
microorganism.

A

Nitric oxide synthetase

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22
Q

what are the characteristic of nitric oxide

A

soluble, highly labile, free radical gas that is capable of operating against organisms that invade cytosol

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23
Q

In the presence of other reactive oxygen species
within the phagosome, nitric oxide is converted to
____ and other products, which are highly
toxic to bacteria, yeast and viruses

A

peroxynitrite

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24
Q

The overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion
by an infectious agent.

A

inflammation

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25
Q

both ___ and ____ mechanism are involve in this complex

A

cellular and humoral

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26
Q

____ cause release of vasoactive and
chemotactic factors that trigger a local increase in
blood flow and capillary permeability.

A

Tissue damage

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27
Q

the characteristic of capillaries being ___ to allow the influx of fluids and cells

A

permeable

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28
Q

in oxygen dependent, it is a creation of ____ inside the phagocytic cell

A

oxygen radicals

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29
Q

events in inflammatory response

A
  1. increase of blood supply and fluid
  2. vasodilation
  3. adherence of neutrophil to vessel walls - followed by the macrophage and monocyte
  4. migration of wbcs to injured site/diapedesis
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30
Q

a process when there’s an increase of capillary permeability

A

vasodilation

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31
Q

They are produced primarily by hepatocytes within
12-24 hours in response to an increase in certain
intracellular signaling polypeptides called cytokines.

A

acute phase reactants

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32
Q

acute phase reactants are produces by

A

hepatocytes

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33
Q

hepatocytes will produce acute phase reactants when there’s an increase in intracellular signaling polypeptides called ____

A

cytokines

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34
Q

what are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

calor, dolor, tumor, rubor

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35
Q

rubor means ___

A

redness

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36
Q

calor means

A

heat

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37
Q

tumor means

A

swelling

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38
Q

dolor means

A

pain

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39
Q

function laesa means

A

loss of function

40
Q

2 major acute phase reactant

A

c reactive protein and serum amyloid A

41
Q

c reactive protein’s 2 major function is

A

opsonization and complement activation

42
Q

serum amyloid A’s purpose is

A

removal of cholesterol

43
Q

Were originally named because they literally interfere
with viral replication process in an infected cell.

A

interferons

44
Q

a humoral component component of natural immunity that has a role in immunoregulation

A

interferon

45
Q

type 1 interferon is also known as

A

non-immune IFN/interferon

46
Q

a type of interferon that is
produced primarily during initial innate response to
viral infection

A

type 1 IFN or non-immune interferon

47
Q

2 types of TYPE 1 IFN

A

interferon a and interferon b
(alpha and beta)

48
Q

IFN- a (interferon alpha) is primarily produced by

A

mononuclear phagocytes

49
Q

IFN-b (Interferon-beta) is primarily produced by

A

fibroblast

50
Q

type 2 IFN is also known as

A

immune ifn

51
Q

a type of interferon that is primarily produced as a component of the specific
immune response to viral and other pathogens.

A

type 2 ifn

52
Q

a major produces of interferon alpha is the

A

natural killer cells (mono nuclear phagocyte)

53
Q

IFN- b is also called as __ because it’s produced by fibroblast

A

fibroblast interferon

54
Q

type 2 interferon is mainly produced by the

A

t cells

55
Q

type 2 interferons are produced by the t cells specifically the

A

TH1 -

56
Q

th1 is produced by

A

the gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor- beta

57
Q

the th2 that is under the type 2 interferon can produced a variety of ____

A

interleukins including the 4, five, 10 and 30

58
Q

the th2 we have as well has an essential role for ___ pathogens

A

extracellular

59
Q

Major mediator of the innate defense against gram
negative bactreria

A

tnf or tumor necrosis factor

60
Q

can also directly trigger apoptotic death of some
tumor cells through a receptor-mediated mechanism.

A

tumor necrosis factor

61
Q

it is a pro inflammatory agent together with interleukins

A

TNF

62
Q

TNF - it is a pro inflammatory agent together with interleukins
what interleukins are those?

A

IL-1, IL-6, IL-8:

63
Q

it induce secretions of apr’s

A

tnf

64
Q

tnf-a alpha is also known as

A

cachectin

65
Q

tnf a are produced by

A

macrophages

66
Q

tnf - b beta is also known as

A

lymphotoxin

67
Q

tnf-beta is produced by

A

cd 4 and cd 8 cells

68
Q

is a complex series of more than 30
soluble and cell-bound proteins that interact in a very
specific way to enhance host defense mechanisms
against foreign cells.

A

complement

69
Q

are complement in complemen pathway, heat labile or not?

A

heat labile

70
Q

a term “complement” was given by who?

A

paul ehrlich 1980s

71
Q

in year ___, _____ was awarded a Noble Prize for
elucidating the nature of complement.

A

jules bordet

72
Q

what are the Effects of complement activation:

A

o Complement activation Promotes:
o Activation of immune system
o Opsonization (C3b, C4b, C5b) and
o eventually result to LYSIS of Foreign cells and
Immune complexes.

73
Q

the chronic activation of complement pathway will lead to

A

inflammation and tissue damage

74
Q
A
75
Q
A
76
Q
A
76
Q
A
77
Q
A
78
Q

Most plasma complement proteins are synthesized in
the

A

liver

78
Q

once the zymogen is activated t will then become

A

holoenzyme

79
Q

They are released in inactive precursors.

A

zymogens

80
Q

how many proteins are in classical pathway?

A

9

80
Q

alternative pathway is originally called as

A

properdin system

81
Q

antibody dependent is part of what defense system

A

natural defense system

82
Q

how properdin protein works in alternative pathway?

A

to stabilize the enzyme complex which is the c3b3b

83
Q

lectin pathway’s major constituent is the

A

mannose

83
Q

where can we found mannose?

A

outer covering surface of bacteria, yeast, viruses, and protozoa

84
Q

what are the cellular components of adaptive immunity?

A

b cells and t cells

85
Q

b cells and t cells came from the

A

plasma cells

86
Q

humoral components of adaptive immunity

A

lymphokines and antibodies

87
Q

2 types of active adative

A

natural and artificial

88
Q

natural acquired active immunity

A

memory b cells

89
Q

articially acquired active immunity

A

attenuated vaccine, inactivated vaccine, toxoids

90
Q

natural acquired passive immunity

A

birth - transplacental transfer of maternal immunity

91
Q

what antibody is transferred through birth

A

IgG

92
Q

hhuman colostrum - what antibody is related

A

IgG and IgA

93
Q

artificial acquired passive

A

administration of immunoglobulins

94
Q

example of artificial passive immunity

A

anti rabies and rhogam

95
Q

rH immune globulin given to pregnant women to prevent the hemolytic disease of a new born

A

Rhogam

IMSE LEC (15 decks)

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