finals - fungal Flashcards
method under the molecular diagnosis with that particular
matter we can determine what type or what specific
organisms that would invade to a specific hosts.
RT PCT test
___ are microorganisms that survive by living off of other organisms, referred to as hosts.
Parasites
if we are dealing with a specific parasite, we
need to consider their ___
life cycle
Three types of organisms may cause parasitic
infections:
protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites
the criteria to differentiate bacteria to parasite is
parasite is multicellular organisms
It is described that general concepts need to be considered in relation to host immune responses to
parasites:
Heterogeneity with respect to life cycles and
antigenic expression is a key feature of parasitic agents
Many parasitic infections are chronic in nature.
The mechanisms of immune evasion are
significantly different from those of bacterial
infections.
Many parasites develop significant genetic and
antigenic variation in a relatively short period.
The innate immunity in the natural hosts may be genetically determined
Humans, as well as animals, differ widely in their ability to handle the complex antigens found in parasites
___ with respect to life cycles and
antigenic expression is a key feature of parasitic agents.
Heterogeneity
Defenses to parasitic infection involve what type of immunity?
both innate and acquired (adaptive) immune mechanisms
the ___ immunity are preventing the establishment of a parasitic infection
innate
The nonspecific immune defenses can include activation of cells that may destroy the parasite by phagocytosis,
release of cytokines such as:
TNF-α, IL-1, IL-10, IL-12,
type I interferons, and chemokines
aside from phagocytosis and releasing of cytokines, it will be activatd as well to combat parasites to enhance immunity to recognized foreign materials
activation of complement system
if the innate immunity didn’t work to combat parasites, what will happen?
adaptive immunity will take place - producing antibodies
humoral branch of adaptive immunity
production of antibodies
Another feature that we have under the adaptive immunity would be the cell mediated response which composed of
t cells
potential outcome of host and parasite interactions
level 1
natural resistance - no invasion of the parasites
potential outcome of host and parasite interactions
level 2
symbiosis
colonization of host with parasite with benefit to both
potential outcome of host and parasite interactions
level 3
commensalism
colonization of host with parasite with no benefit or harm
potential outcome of host and parasite interactions
level 4
sterilizing immunity
parasite invades host and causes disease; host develops immunity and is cured
potential outcome of host and parasite interactions
level 5
concomitant immunity
parasite invades host and causes disease; host develops an immune response and has some resistance to the parasite but is not cured
potential outcome of host and parasite interactions
level 6
ineffective immunity
parasite invades host and causes disease; host does not develop resistance to the parasite and is not cured
