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ANAPHY > The Lymphatic System and Immunity > Flashcards

The Lymphatic System and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

the ability to ward off damage or disease through our defenses

A

Immunity

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2
Q

2 General Types of Immunity

A
  1. Innate Immunity
  2. Adaptive Immunity
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3
Q

• defenses that are present at birth
• Fast, non-specific and no memory
— Barriers, pH extremes, Phagocytes & NK cells, fever, inflammation, complement, interferon

A

Innate Immunity

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4
Q

• Slower, specific & has a memory
• adapts or adjusts to handle a specific microbe.
— Lymphocytes: T-cells & B-cells

A

Adaptive Immunity

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5
Q

• Lymphatic tissue
— Reticular connective tissue containing lymphocytes
• Bone marrow
• Lymph- interstitial fluid in lymphatic vessels

A

Lymphatic System

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6
Q

Reticular connective tissue containing lymphocytes

A

Lymphatic tissue

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7
Q

interstitial fluid in lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph

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8
Q

Functions:
1. Drains excess interstitial fluid.
2. Transports dietary lipids. - lipid-soluble vitamins
(A, D, E, and K) absorbed by the GIT.
3. Carries out immune responses.

A

Lymphatic System

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9
Q

n Begin at lymphatic capillaries
q Slightly larger than blood capillaries q Overlapping cells like one-way valve q Pressure will force fluid in
n Merge to form larger & larger vessels q Thin walled and more valves than veins
n Periodically have lymph nodes
q Lymphocytes in capsuled structure
n à thoracic duct à L subclavian vein q At junction with jugular
n à R. lymphatic duct à R. subclavian vein

A

Lymphatic Vessels

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10
Q

• From tissue to veins
• Pumped by muscle & respiratory pumps like venous return

A

Lymphatic Flow

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11
Q

Two Groups of Lymphatic Organ

A

• Primary lymphatic organs
• Secondary lymphatic organs

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12
Q

site where stem cells divide & become immunocompetent.

A

Primary lymphatic organs

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13
Q

Primary lymphatic organs

A

• develop into mature B & T-cells
• Red bone marrow
• Thymus

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14
Q

site for most immune responses occur

A

Secondary lymphatic organs

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15
Q

Secondary lymphatic organs

A

• Lymph nodes
• spleen
• lymphatic nodules (follicles)

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16
Q

Two lobed organ (bilobed)

A

Thymus

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17
Q

located in the mediastinum between the sternum and the aorta

A

Thymus

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18
Q

• T-cells divide & mature
— Self reactive cells are removed

A

Thymus

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19
Q

• Scattered throughout the body
— Concentrated near mammary glands, axilla &
groin

A

Lymph Nodes

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20
Q

Contain mature B-cells, T-cells, dendritic cells and macrophages

A

Lymph Nodes

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21
Q

• Function as a type of filter, trap foreign substances — macrophages destroy some foreign
substances by phagocytosis
— lymphocytes destroy others by immune responses.

A

Lymph Nodes

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22
Q

• Metastasis - the spread of a disease from one part of the body to another.
• Cancer cells may travel in the blood or lymph and establish new tumors where they lodge.
• Cancerous lymph nodes feel enlarged, firm, nontender, and fixed to underlying structures.
• Lymph nodes that are enlarged due to an infection are softer, tender, and movable.

A

Metastasis through Lymphatic Vessels

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23
Q

the spread of a disease from one part of the body to another.

A

Metastasis

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24
Q

Between stomach & diaphragm

A

Spleen

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25
Q

Contains blood filled venous sinuses and RBCs, macrophages, lymphocytes plasma cells & granular leukocytes

A

Spleen

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26
Q

Performs three functions related to blood cells:
(1) removal by macrophages of ruptured, worn out,
or defective blood cells and platelets;
(2) storage of platelets, up to one-third of the body’s supply; and
(3) production of blood cells (hemopoiesis) during fetal life.

A

Spleen

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27
Q

• organ most often damaged in cases of abdominal trauma.
• crushing injury may result in a ruptured spleen, which causes significant hemorrhage and shock.
• Splenectomy - removal of the spleen
• The spleen’s absence also places the patient at higher risk for sepsis (a blood infection) due to loss of the filtering and phagocytic functions of the spleen.

A

Ruptured Spleen

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28
Q

sepsis

A

blood infection

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29
Q

removal of the spleen

A

Splenectomy

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30
Q

egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule.

A

Lymphatic Nodules

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31
Q

occur in multiple large aggregations in specific parts of the body.

A

Lymphatic Nodules

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32
Q

Includes tonsils in the pharyngeal region and the aggregated lymphatic follicles (Peyer’s patches) in the ileum of the small intestine

A

Lymphatic Nodules

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33
Q

Tonsils are strategically positioned to participate in immune responses against inhaled or ingested foreign substances.

A

Lymphatic Nodules

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34
Q
  • physical and chemical
    — Epidermal structure & constant shedding
A

Skin

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35
Q

Sticky mucus layer straps microbes, etc. and cilia
move it out

A

Mucous membranes

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36
Q
  • tears, saliva, perspiration, nasal secretions
    — Dilute and antibacterial action
A

Fluids

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37
Q

flow of urine, defecation & vomiting

A

Movement

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38
Q

Four main types of antimicrobial substances

A

A. Interferons (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-IFN)
B. Complement System
C. Iron-binding proteins
D. Antimicrobial peptides

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39
Q

Interfere with viral reproduction in a cell

A

Interferons

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40
Q

— Enhance other immune actions
— Break cell membranes
— Attract phagocytes
— Tag microbial cells for destruction

A

Complement System

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41
Q

bind iron and starve bacteria

A

Iron-binding proteins

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42
Q

lyse microbes

A

Antimicrobial peptides

43
Q

specialized to ingest microbes and cellular debris (phagocytosis)

A

Phagocytes

44
Q

Two major types of phagocytes

A

• Neutrophils
• Monocytes -> macrophages

45
Q

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

A

5-10% of lymphocytes

46
Q

Present in lymph nodes & red bone marrow

A

Natural Killer (NK)

47
Q

Destroy microbes & tumor cells

A

Natural Killer

48
Q

Perforin

A

cytolysis

49
Q

Granzymes

A

apoptosis

50
Q

nonspecific, defensive response of the body to tissue damage.

A

Inflammation

51
Q

Conditions that may produce inflammation

A

pathogens,
abrasions,
chemical irritations,
distortion or disturbances of cells, and
extreme temperatures.

52
Q

Four characteristic signs and symptoms of inflammation

A

redness,
pain,
heat, and
swelling

53
Q

Can also cause a ___________ in the injured area.

A

loss of function

54
Q

prime symptom of inflammation.

A

Pain

55
Q

mast cells, basophils & platelets release histamine -> increased permeability & vasodilation in blood vessels

A

Damage

56
Q

Isolate bacteria behind clot

A

Leakage of clotting proteins into tissue

57
Q

Neutrophils & macrophages eat & die

A

Phagocytes attracted to site (chemotaxis)

58
Q
  • pus
    — Moves to body surface or into cavity & is cleared
A

Pocket of dead cells

59
Q

The three stages of inflammation

A

(1) vasodilation and
increased permeability of blood vessels,
(2) phagocyte emigration
(3) tissue repair

60
Q

• Abnormally high body temperature
— occurs because the hypothalamic thermostat is reset q Normal temperature control action with new set point

A

Fever

61
Q

• Stimulated by many toxins or internal signals
— Interleukin-1-cytokine that plays a role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections.

A

Fever

62
Q

cytokine that plays a role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections.

A

Interleukin-1

63
Q

Elevated body temperature intensifies the effects of interferons, inhibits the growth of some microbes, and speeds up body reactions that aid repair.

A

Fever

64
Q

(1) specificity for particular foreign molecules
(antigens)
(2) memory for most previously encountered antigens

A

Adaptive Immunity

65
Q

for particular foreign molecules
(antigens)

A

specificity

66
Q

for most previously encountered antigens

A

memory

67
Q

Antigen can be any substance:

A

microbe,
food,
pollen,
tissue

68
Q

Does not attack normal body tissue

A

Normally self–tolerant

69
Q

From stem cells in red bone marrow

A

Maturation of T and B cells

70
Q

mature in bone marrow

A

B cells

71
Q

migrate to thymus

A

T cells

72
Q

During maturation both make particular proteins in plasma membranes

A

antigen receptors (molecules capable of recognizing specific antigens)

73
Q

Two Types of Responses

A
  1. Cell-mediated
  2. Antibody-mediated/Humoral Immunity
74
Q

• cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens
— Killer T-cells

A

Cell-mediated

75
Q

• B cells become plasma cells
— Produce specific proteins called antibodies (Abs) or immunoglobulins (Igs)

A

Antibody-mediated/Humoral Immunity

76
Q

Produce specific proteins

A

antibodies (Abs) or immunoglobulins (Igs)

77
Q

Helper T cells aid both cell- and antibody-mediated responses

A

Antibody-mediated/Humoral Immunity

78
Q

• self antigens on cells surface
— Unique to each individual

A

Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC)

79
Q

a rare inherited disorder in which both B cells and T cells are missing or inactive by

A

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease

80
Q

aka bubble boy disease

A

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease

81
Q

Control:
— Bolstering nutrition, bone marrow transplant, enzymatic replacement therapy, and gene therapy

A

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease

82
Q

• Requires recognizing the foreign antigen
• B-cells can find it anywhere
• T-cells need presentation with MHC
• Antigen presenting cells (APC) process and present exogenous antigens.
• APCs macrophages, dendritic cells & B cells n
• Location: respiratory, GI, urinary, reproductive
tracts & lymph nodes

A

Triggering Adaptive Response

83
Q

• Ingestion of the antigen by APC
• Digestion of antigen into peptide fragments - protein-digesting enzymes split large antigens into short peptide fragments.
• Synthesis of MHC-II molecules.
• Packaging of MHC-II molecules into vesicles.
• Fusion of vesicles -peptide fragments and MHC-II molecules merge and fuse.
• Binding of peptide fragments to MHC-II molecules.
• Insertion of antigen–MHC-II complexes into the plasma membrane - combined vesicle that contains antigen–MHC-II complexes undergoes exocytosis.

A

Processing & Presenting Antigens

84
Q

protein-digesting enzymes split large antigens into short peptide fragments.

A

Digestion of antigen into peptide fragments

85
Q

peptide fragments and MHC-II molecules merge and fuse.

A

Fusion of vesicles

86
Q

MHC-II complexes into the plasma membrane - combined vesicle that contains antigen–MHC-II complexes undergoes exocytosis.

A

Insertion of antigen

87
Q

Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

A

T-cells also need costimulator

88
Q

Release IL2, attract phagocytes, stimulate
macrophages & B cells

A

Helper T cells (CD4 Tcells)

89
Q

• kill cells
— Work against tumor cells transplanted cells &
infected cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells

90
Q

hang around for years, give rapid response if the same antigen enters the body again in the future

A

Memory T cells

91
Q

• Hang out in lymph nodes
• Respond to antigen (faster if presented)
• With IL-2 enlarge, divide and become a clone of plasma cells
• Plasma cells produce & release antibodies that bind the antigen
• Some remain as Memory B Cells
— Ready to respond quickly if antigen met again

A

B-cells and Antibody-Mediated Response

92
Q

Example of Immunological memory provides the basis for immunization by vaccination against certain diseases

A

polio

93
Q

When you receive the vaccine, which may contain __________(weakened) or killed whole microbes or portions of microbes, your B cells and T cells are activated.

A

attenuated

94
Q

Antibody Class Actions

A

• Neutralizing antigen
• Immobilizing bacteria
• Agglutinating
• Activating complement
• Enhancing phagocytosis

95
Q

Binds and neutralizes toxins

A

Neutralizing antigen

96
Q

Connect pathogens to one anotheràeasier phagocytosis

A

Agglutinating

97
Q

Binding attracts phagocytes

A

Enhancing phagocytosis

98
Q

• Long lasting antibodies & lymphocytes
• Many sensitive memory cells à
• Much larger & quicker response next time = Secondary Response
• Primary response can be naturally acquired n Or artificially acquired by vaccination
— Killed cells, isolated antigens, parts of viruses

A

Immunological Memory

99
Q

deals with communication pathways that link the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems.

A

psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

100
Q

a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex in association with the stress response, inhibits immune system activity.

A

cortisol

101
Q

• psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) deals with communication pathways that link the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems.
• cortisol, a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex in association with the stress response, inhibits immune system activity.
• under stress, people are less likely to eat well or exercise regularly, two habits that enhance immunity.
• to increase stress resistance, cultivate an optimistic outlook, get involved in your work, and build good relationships with others.
• adequate sleep and relaxation

A

STRESS AND IMMUNITY

102
Q

• tend to produce more autoantibodies
• Thymus atrophies = decreased production of
thymic hormones
• Fewer responsive T cells
• Thus poorer B cell response
• Poorer response to new infection

A

Aging

103
Q

decreased production of thymic hormones

A

Thymus atrophies

ANAPHY (17 decks)

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