1. Neutrophils 2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils

1. Lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells 2. Monocytes

The Cardiovascular System: Blood Flashcards by Monica Anne Colina

• Transportation: water, gases, nutrients, hormones, enzymes, electrolytes, wastes, heat
• Regulation: pH, temperature, water balance
• Protection: blood clotting, defense: phagocytic cells, interferons, complement

Functions of Cardiovascular System: Blood

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soluble materials (mostly water); lighter so at top of tube

Plasma(~55%)

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cells (heavier so at bottom of tube)

Formed elements (~45%)
- Mostly red blood cells (RBCs)

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Normal hematocrit value

42-47%

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Percent of blood occupied by RBCs

hematocrit (Hct)

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Females Normal hematocrit value

38 to 46%

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males normal hematocrit value

40 to 54%

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site of white blood cells (WBCs), platelets

Buffy coat

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Plasma: Liquid Portion of Blood

• Water: 91.5%
• Plasma proteins: 7%
• Other: 1.5%

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function in osmosis; carriers

Albumin (54%)

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serve as antibodies

Globulins (38%)

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important in clotting

Fibrinogen (7%)

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Formed Elements

I. Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
II. White blood cells (WBCs)
III Platelets

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2types of White blood cells (WBCs)

A.Granular leukocytes

B. Agranular leukocytes

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Granular leukocytes

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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Agranular leukocytes

Lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells
Monocytes

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• Blood samples for laboratory testing may be obtained in several ways:
• Venipuncture - withdrawal of blood from a vein using a needle and collecting tube.
• median cubital vein anterior to the elbow - common site for venipuncture.
• Finger or heel stick –in an arterial stick, blood is withdrawn from an artery; this test is used to determine the level of oxygen in oxygenated blood.
• ex. Diabetic patients and drawing blood from infants and children.

Withdrawing Blood

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withdrawal of blood from a vein using a needle and collecting tube.

Venipuncture

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common site for venipuncture.

median cubital vein anterior to the elbow

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in an arterial stick, blood is withdrawn from an artery; this test is used to determine the level of oxygen in oxygenated blood.

Finger or heel stick

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Called hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis

Blood Cells

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lymphocytes (in lymphatic tissues)

Lymphoid stem cells

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all other WBCs, all RBCs, and platelets (in red bone marrow)

Myeloid stem cells

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Hemoglobin (red pigment)

98.5% of O2 and
23% of CO2

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about 5 million/μl • Male: 5.4 million cells/μl; female: 4.8 million/μl

RBC count

Cleared by macrophages (liver and spleen)

RBC Recycling

• Carried in blood by transferrin (“protein escort” of Fe) • Recycled in bone marrow for forming synthesis of new hemoglobin; proteins and vitamin B12

Non-Fe portion of heme -> biliverdin -> bilirubin

• Bilirubin to liver -> bile -> helps absorb fats • Intestinal bacteria convert bilirubin into other chemicals that exit in feces (stercobilin) or urine (urobilin)

changes in skin, mucous membranes, and finger nail beds

Signs of lower-than-normal RBC count

bluish color

Cyanosis

pale color

Anemia

Normal WBC count

5,000-10,000/μl

Two major classes based on presence or absence of granules (vesicles) in them

• Granular • Agranular

• neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils — Neutrophils usually make up 2/3 of all WBCs

Granular

lymphocytes, monocytes

Agranular

• Neutrophils: first responders to infection — Phagocytosis — Release bacteria-destroying enzyme lysozyme • Monocytes à macrophages (“big eaters”) — Known as wandering macrophages • Eosinophils — Phagocytose antibody-antigen complexes — Help suppress inflammation or allergic reactions — Respond to parasitic infections

White Blood Cell Functions

• first responders to infection — Phagocytosis — Release bacteria-destroying enzyme lysozyme

Neutrophils

• macrophages (“big eaters”) — Known as wandering macrophages

Monocytes

• Phagocytose antibody-antigen complexes • Help suppress inflammation or allergic reactions • Respond to parasitic infections

Eosinophils

• Intensify inflammatory responses and allergic reactions • Release chemicals that dilate blood vessels: histamine and serotonin; also heparin (anticoagulant)

Basophils

Three types of lymphocytes

• T cells • B cells • Natural killer (NK) cells

respond to foreign substances called antigens and differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies. Antibodies attach to and inactivate the antigens.

B lymphocytes

directly attack microbes.

T lymphocytes

• Proteins protruding from plasma membrane of WBCs (and most other body cells) • Called “self-identity markers” “cell identity marker” — Unique for each person (except for identical twins) — An incompatible tissue or organ transplant is rejected due to difference in donor and recipient MHC antigens

Major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens

• WBCs: 5000-10,000 WBCs/μl blood • RBCs outnumber WBCs about 700:1 • Life span: typically a few hours to days • Abnormal WBC counts — Leukocytosis: high WBC count in response to infection, exercise, surgery — Leukopenia: low WBC count • Differential WBC count: measures % of WBCs made up of each of the 5 types

WBC Life Span

high WBC count in response to infection, exercise, surgery

Leukocytosis

low WBC count

Leukopenia

• Myeloid stem cells à megakaryocytes à 2000–3000 fragments = platelets • Normal count: 150,000-400,000/μl blood • Functions — Plug damaged blood vessels — Promote blood clotting • Life span 5–9 days

Platelets

valuable test that screens for anemia and various infections.

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Normal hemoglobin ranges

infants, 14–20 g/100 mL of blood; adult females, 12–16 g/100 mL of blood; adult males, 13.5–18 g/100 mL of blood.

replacement of cancerous or abnormal red bone marrow with healthy red bone marrow in order to establish normal blood cell counts.

Bone marrow transplant

from the ___________ of the hip bone

iliac crest

T cells attack the recipient’s tissues

graft-versus-host disease

stem cells obtained from the umbilical cord shortly after birth.

Cord-blood transplant

1. Vascular spasm — Response to damage — Quick reduction of blood loss 2. Platelet plug formation — Platelets become sticky when contact damaged vessel wall 3. Blood clotting (coagulation) — Series of chemical reactions involving clotting factors -> ->

Hemostasis: “Blood Standing Still” Sequence of events to avoid hemorrhage

• Extrinsic pathway — Tissue factor(TF) from damaged cells 1 à 2 à 3 • Intrinsic Pathway — Materials “intrinsic” to blood à 1 à 2 à 3 • Common pathway: 3 major steps 1. Prothrombinase -> 2. Prothrombin -> thrombin 3. Fibrinogen -> fibrin -> clot • Ca++ plays important role in many steps

Blood Clotting (Coagulation)

Tissue factor(TF) from damaged cells 1 à 2 à 3

Extrinsic pathway

Materials “intrinsic” to blood à 1 à 2 à 3

Intrinsic Pathway

Common pathway: 3 major steps

1. Prothrombinase à 2. Prothrombin à thrombin 3. Fibrinogen à fibrin à clot

breakdown of clots by plasmin

Fibrinolysis

Clots can be triggered by roughness on vessel wall

thrombosis

Loose (on-the-move) clot

embolism

decrease clot formation

Anticoagulants

blocks thrombin

Heparin

an antagonist to vitamin K and thus blocks synthesis of four clotting factors

Warfarin (Coumadin)

inhibits vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation by blocking synthesis of TXA2.

Aspirin

First thrombolytic agent (1982) for dissolving clots in the coronary arteries of the heart was _________, produced by streptococcal bacteria.

streptokinase

A genetically engineered version of human ____________ is now used to treat victims of both heart attacks and brain attacks (strokes) that are caused by blood clots.

tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

• If mismatched blood (“wrong blood type”) given, antibodies bind to antigens on RBCs àhemolyze RBCs • Type AB called “universal recipients” because have no anti-A or anti-B antibodies so can receive any ABO type blood • Type O called “universal donors” because have neither A nor B antigen on RBCs so can donate to any ABO type — Misleading because of many other blood groups that must be matched

Transfusions

“universal recipients”

Type AB

“universal donors”

Type O

• Name Rh: antigen found in Rhesus monkey • Rh blood types — If RBCs have Rh antigen: Rh+ — If RBCs lack Rh antigen: Rh– • Rh+ blood type in 85-100% of U.S. population • Normally neither Rh+ nor Rh– has anti-Rh antibodies • Antibodies develop in Rh- persons after first exposure to Rh+ blood in transfusion (or pregnancy à hemolytic disease of newborn)

Rh Blood Group

• most common problem with Rh incompatibility • if a small amount of Rh+ blood leaks from the fetus through the placenta into the bloodstream of an Rh- mother, the mother will start to make anti-Rh antibodies. • Firstborn baby usually is not affected. • If the mother becomes pregnant again, her anti-Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and enter the bloodstream of the fetus. If the fetus is Rh-, there is no problem, because Rh- blood does not have the Rh antigen.

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

An injection of anti-Rh antibodies called ________________ can be given to prevent HDN.

anti-Rh gamma globulin (RhoGAM®)