Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANAPHY > The Cardiovascular System: Blood > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

• Transportation: water, gases, nutrients, hormones, enzymes, electrolytes, wastes, heat
• Regulation: pH, temperature, water balance
• Protection: blood clotting, defense: phagocytic cells, interferons, complement

A

Functions of Cardiovascular System: Blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

soluble materials (mostly water); lighter so at top of tube

A

Plasma(~55%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cells (heavier so at bottom of tube)

A

Formed elements (~45%)
- Mostly red blood cells (RBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Normal hematocrit value

A

42-47%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Percent of blood occupied by RBCs

A

hematocrit (Hct)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Females Normal hematocrit value

A

38 to 46%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

males normal hematocrit value

A

40 to 54%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

site of white blood cells (WBCs), platelets

A

Buffy coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Plasma: Liquid Portion of Blood

A

• Water: 91.5%
• Plasma proteins: 7%
• Other: 1.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

function in osmosis; carriers

A

Albumin (54%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

serve as antibodies

A

Globulins (38%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

important in clotting

A

Fibrinogen (7%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Formed Elements

A

I. Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
II. White blood cells (WBCs)
III Platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

2types of White blood cells (WBCs)

A

A.Granular leukocytes

B. Agranular leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Granular leukocytes

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Agranular leukocytes

A
  1. Lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells
  2. Monocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

• Blood samples for laboratory testing may be obtained in several ways:
• Venipuncture - withdrawal of blood from a vein using a needle and collecting tube.
• median cubital vein anterior to the elbow - common site for venipuncture.
• Finger or heel stick –in an arterial stick, blood is withdrawn from an artery; this test is used to determine the level of oxygen in oxygenated blood.
• ex. Diabetic patients and drawing blood from infants and children.

A

Withdrawing Blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

withdrawal of blood from a vein using a needle and collecting tube.

A

Venipuncture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

common site for venipuncture.

A

median cubital vein anterior to the elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

in an arterial stick, blood is withdrawn from an artery; this test is used to determine the level of oxygen in oxygenated blood.

A

Finger or heel stick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Called hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis

A

Blood Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

lymphocytes (in lymphatic tissues)

A

Lymphoid stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

all other WBCs, all RBCs, and platelets (in red bone marrow)

A

Myeloid stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hemoglobin (red pigment)

A

98.5% of O2 and
23% of CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

about 5 million/μl
• Male: 5.4 million cells/μl;
female: 4.8 million/μl

A

RBC count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cleared by macrophages (liver and spleen)

A

RBC Recycling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

• Carried in blood by transferrin (“protein escort” of Fe)
• Recycled in bone marrow for forming synthesis of new hemoglobin; proteins and vitamin B12

A

Fe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Non-Fe portion of heme -> biliverdin -> bilirubin

A

• Bilirubin to liver -> bile -> helps absorb fats
• Intestinal bacteria convert bilirubin into other chemicals that exit in feces (stercobilin) or urine (urobilin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

changes in skin, mucous membranes, and finger nail beds

A

Signs of lower-than-normal RBC count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

bluish color

A

Cyanosis

31
Q

pale color

A

Anemia

32
Q

Normal WBC count

A

5,000-10,000/μl

33
Q

Two major classes based on presence or absence of granules (vesicles) in them

A

• Granular
• Agranular

34
Q

• neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
— Neutrophils usually make up 2/3 of all WBCs

A

Granular

35
Q

lymphocytes, monocytes

A

Agranular

36
Q

• Neutrophils: first responders to infection
— Phagocytosis
— Release bacteria-destroying enzyme lysozyme
• Monocytes à macrophages (“big eaters”)
— Known as wandering macrophages
• Eosinophils
— Phagocytose antibody-antigen complexes
— Help suppress inflammation or allergic reactions
— Respond to parasitic infections

A

White Blood Cell Functions

37
Q

• first responders to infection
— Phagocytosis
— Release bacteria-destroying enzyme lysozyme

A

Neutrophils

38
Q

• macrophages (“big eaters”)
— Known as wandering macrophages

A

Monocytes

39
Q

• Phagocytose antibody-antigen complexes
• Help suppress inflammation or allergic reactions
• Respond to parasitic infections

A

Eosinophils

40
Q

• Intensify inflammatory responses and allergic
reactions
• Release chemicals that dilate blood vessels: histamine and serotonin; also heparin (anticoagulant)

A

Basophils

41
Q

Three types of lymphocytes

A

• T cells
• B cells
• Natural killer (NK) cells

42
Q

respond to foreign substances called antigens and differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies. Antibodies attach to and inactivate the antigens.

A

B lymphocytes

43
Q

directly attack microbes.

A

T lymphocytes

44
Q

• Proteins protruding from plasma membrane of
WBCs (and most other body cells)
• Called “self-identity markers” “cell identity marker”
— Unique for each person (except for identical twins)
— An incompatible tissue or organ transplant is rejected due to difference in donor and recipient MHC antigens

A

Major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens

45
Q

• WBCs: 5000-10,000 WBCs/μl blood
• RBCs outnumber WBCs about 700:1
• Life span: typically a few hours to days
• Abnormal WBC counts
— Leukocytosis: high WBC count in response to
infection, exercise, surgery
— Leukopenia: low WBC count
• Differential WBC count: measures % of WBCs made up of each of the 5 types

A

WBC Life Span

46
Q

high WBC count in response to infection, exercise, surgery

A

Leukocytosis

47
Q

low WBC count

A

Leukopenia

48
Q

• Myeloid stem cells à megakaryocytes à 2000–3000 fragments = platelets
• Normal count: 150,000-400,000/μl blood
• Functions
— Plug damaged blood vessels
— Promote blood clotting
• Life span 5–9 days

A

Platelets

49
Q

valuable test that screens for anemia and various infections.

A

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

50
Q

Normal hemoglobin ranges

A

infants, 14–20 g/100 mL of blood;
adult females, 12–16 g/100 mL of blood;
adult males, 13.5–18 g/100 mL of blood.

51
Q

replacement of cancerous or abnormal red bone marrow with healthy red bone marrow in order to establish normal blood cell counts.

A

Bone marrow transplant

52
Q

from the ___________ of the hip bone

A

iliac crest

53
Q

T cells attack the recipient’s tissues

A

graft-versus-host disease

54
Q

stem cells obtained from the umbilical cord shortly after birth.

A

Cord-blood transplant

55
Q
  1. Vascular spasm
    — Response to damage
    — Quick reduction of blood loss
  2. Platelet plug formation
    — Platelets become sticky when contact damaged
    vessel wall
  3. Blood clotting (coagulation)
    — Series of chemical reactions involving clotting
    factors -> ->
A

Hemostasis: “Blood Standing Still”
Sequence of events to avoid hemorrhage

56
Q

• Extrinsic pathway
— Tissue factor(TF) from damaged cells 1 à 2 à 3
• Intrinsic Pathway
— Materials “intrinsic” to blood à 1 à 2 à 3
• Common pathway: 3 major steps
1. Prothrombinase ->
2. Prothrombin -> thrombin
3. Fibrinogen -> fibrin -> clot
• Ca++ plays important role in many steps

A

Blood Clotting (Coagulation)

57
Q

Tissue factor(TF) from damaged cells 1 à 2 à 3

A

Extrinsic pathway

58
Q

Materials “intrinsic” to blood à 1 à 2 à 3

A

Intrinsic Pathway

59
Q

Common pathway: 3 major steps

A
  1. Prothrombinase à
  2. Prothrombin à thrombin
  3. Fibrinogen à fibrin à clot
60
Q

breakdown of clots by plasmin

A

Fibrinolysis

61
Q

Clots can be triggered by roughness on vessel wall

A

thrombosis

62
Q

Loose (on-the-move) clot

A

embolism

63
Q

decrease clot formation

A

Anticoagulants

64
Q

blocks thrombin

A

Heparin

65
Q

an antagonist to vitamin K and thus blocks synthesis of four clotting factors

A

Warfarin (Coumadin)

66
Q

inhibits vasoconstriction and platelet
aggregation by blocking synthesis of TXA2.

A

Aspirin

67
Q

First thrombolytic agent (1982) for dissolving clots in the coronary arteries of the heart was _________, produced by streptococcal bacteria.

A

streptokinase

68
Q

A genetically engineered version of human ____________ is now used to treat victims of both heart attacks and brain attacks (strokes) that are caused by blood clots.

A

tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

69
Q

• If mismatched blood (“wrong blood type”) given, antibodies bind to antigens on RBCs àhemolyze RBCs
• Type AB called “universal recipients” because have no anti-A or anti-B antibodies so can receive any ABO type blood
• Type O called “universal donors” because have neither A nor B antigen on RBCs so can donate to any ABO type
— Misleading because of many other blood groups that must be matched

A

Transfusions

70
Q

“universal recipients”

A

Type AB

71
Q

“universal donors”

A

Type O

72
Q

• Name Rh: antigen found in Rhesus monkey
• Rh blood types
— If RBCs have Rh antigen: Rh+
— If RBCs lack Rh antigen: Rh–
• Rh+ blood type in 85-100% of U.S. population
• Normally neither Rh+ nor Rh– has anti-Rh
antibodies
• Antibodies develop in Rh- persons after first exposure to Rh+ blood in transfusion (or pregnancy à hemolytic disease of newborn)

A

Rh Blood Group

73
Q

• most common problem with Rh incompatibility
• if a small amount of Rh+ blood leaks from the fetus through the placenta into the bloodstream of an Rh- mother, the mother will start to make anti-Rh antibodies.
• Firstborn baby usually is not affected.
• If the mother becomes pregnant again, her anti-Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and enter the bloodstream of the fetus. If the fetus is Rh-, there is no problem, because Rh- blood does not have the Rh antigen.

A

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

74
Q

An injection of anti-Rh antibodies called ________________ can be given to prevent HDN.

A

anti-Rh gamma globulin (RhoGAM®)

ANAPHY (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions