Organization of the Human Body Flashcards
1
Q
science that studies structure
A
Anatomy
2
Q
science that studies body functions
A
Physiology
3
Q
Anatomy (_________) determines physiology (__________)
A
structure,
functions
4
Q
atoms -> molecules
A
Chemical
5
Q
- cells containing organelles
- Basic unit of life
A
Cellular
6
Q
groups of cells and surrounding material
A
Tissue
7
Q
4 basic types pf tissues:
A
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
8
Q
group of tissues performing a common function
A
Organ
9
Q
group of tissues performing a common function
A
System
10
Q
contains all systems of an individual
A
Organism
11
Q
Levels of Organization
A
- Chemical level
- Cellular level
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- System level
- Organismal level
12
Q
Life Processes
A
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness
- Movement
- Growth
- Differentiation
- Reproduction
13
Q
the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body.
A
Metabolism
14
Q
the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.
A
Responsiveness
15
Q
includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells.
A
Movement
16
Q
is an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both.
A
Growth
17
Q
the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.
A
Differentiation
18
Q
refers either to the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or to the production of a new individual.
A
Reproduction
19
Q
— Postmortem examination
— Examination and dissection of a body to determine the cause of death when life processes have not been maintained adequately.
A
Autopsy
20
Q
is the condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes.
A
Homeostasis
21
Q
Maintaining a stable internal environment
A
Homeostasis
22
Q
Dynamic process because of many changes
A
Homeostasis
23
Q
Examples of variable factors
1. Body temperature, Blood pressure
2. Water and nutrient levels
A
Homeostasis
24
Q
Maintained by feedback systems
A
Homeostasis
25
cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
Feedback sys. or Feedback loop
26
monitored variable, such as body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level, is termed a controlled condition.
Feedback sys. or Feedback loop
27
three basic components of Feedback sys :
receptor,
control center, and
an effector.
28
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
1. Stimulus
2. Receptor
3. Control Center
4. Effector
29
disrupts a controlled variable
Stimulus
30
recognizes the change and sends message = input (afferent pathways) to: Control Center
Receptor
31
that evaluates input and sends output (efferent pathway) to: Effector
Control Center
32
receives output and produces a response
Effector
33
• reverses a change in a controlled condition
• Most homeostatic control mechanisms are
negative feedback systems
• “Negative” means “opposite” (not “bad”)
• These systems reverse a change in the controlled variable, bringing it back to “normal”
— Example: high blood pressure (BP) is detected and then lowered to normal BP
Negative Feedback Systems
34
reverses a change in a controlled condition
Negative Feedback Systems
35
These systems reverse a change in the controlled variable, bringing it back to “normal”
Negative Feedback Systems
36
• Few homeostatic control mechanisms are of this type.
• These systems strengthen a change and must be shut down by an outside force.
- Examples:
a. Contractions of uterus cause even more
contractions at childbirth.
b. Hormonal control of ovulation.
c. Systems that control blood clotting.
POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEMS
37
These systems strengthen a change and must be shut down by an outside force.
POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEMS
38
Examples:
— Contractions of uterus cause even more
contractions at child birth
—Hormonal control of ovulation
— Systems that control blood clotting
Positive Feedback Systems
39
abnormality of structure/function
Disorder
40
specific illness characterized by signs
and symptoms
Disease
41
2 types of Disease
1. Symptoms
2. Signs
42
— subjective changes not observable from outside a person.
Examples: pain, headache, nausea, anxiety
Symptoms
43
— observable or measurable changes.
Examples: can be either anatomical, such as swelling or a rash, or physiological, such as fever, high blood pressure, or paralysis.
Signs
44
Normal process that:
— Includes a progressive loss in the ability to
maintain homeostasis (homeostatic imbalance)
— Affects all body systems
— Can be slowed down or minimized by healthy living
Aging and Homeostasis
45
Precise use of language to define position, direction, and location in the body.
Anatomical Terms
46
stands erect facing the observer, with head level and eyes facing forward, and palms facing forward.
Anatomical position
47
If the body is lying face down, it is in the ___________
prone position
48
If the body is lying faceup, it is in the ___________
supine position
49
Words that describe the position of one body part relative to another.
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
50
— Toward the head
Example: The heart is
___________ to the
liver
Superior
51
— Away from the
head
Example: The stomach is
___________ to the
lungs
Inferior
52
— Nearer to or at
the front of the
body
Example: The sternum
(breastbone) is
__________ to the
heart
Anterior
(ventral)
53
— Nearer to or at
the back of the
body
Example: The esophagus
(food tube) is _________ to the
trachea (windpipe)
Posterior
(dorsal)
54
Nearer to the
midline
Example: The ulna is
_________ to the
radius
medial
55
— Farther from
the midline
Example: The lungs are
________ to the
heart
lateral
56
— Between two
structures
Example: The transverse
colon is
______________ to
the ascending
and descending
colons
intermediate
57
— On the same
side of the body
as another
structure
Example: The gallbladder
and ascending
colon are __________
ipsilateral
58
— On the opposite
side of the body
from another
structure
Example: The ascending
and descending
colon are __________
contralateral
59
— Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure
Example: The humerus
(arm bone) is ________ to the
radius.
proximal
60
— Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure
Example: The phalanges (finger bones) are _______ to the carpals (wrist bones)
distal
61
— Toward or on
the surface of
the body
Example: The ribs are
________ to the lungs
superficial
62
— Away from the
surface of the
body
Example: The ribs are
_________ to the skin
of the chest and
back.
deep
63
imaginary flat surfaces that pass through
the body parts.
Planes
64
vertical plane that divides the body
or an organ into right and left sides.
Sagittal Plane
65
plane that passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides.
Midsagittal Plane or Median Plane
66
divides the body or an organ into
unequal right and left sides.
Parasagittal Plane
67
divides the body or an organ into
anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
Frontal or Coronal
68
divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions (a.k.a., cross-sectional, or horizontal plane).
Transverse Plane
69
passes through the body or an organ
at an oblique angle.
Oblique Plane
70
— is a cut of the body or one of its organs
made along one of the planes.
Section
71
are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs.
Body cavities
72
• Cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal cord)
• Thoracic (chest cavity): pleural, pericardial, and mediastinal (region between lungs)
• Abdominopelvic (inferior to diaphragm)
• Serous membranes are located in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Body cavities
73
pleural, pericardial, and mediastinal (region between lungs)
Thoracic (chest cavity)
74
— Larger; contains most abdominopelvic organs
— Subdivided into 9 regions or 4 quadrants
Abdominal
75
— More inferior and smaller
— Contains urinary bladder, lowest portions of digestive tract, and internal reproductive organs
Pelvic
76
Functions of Serous membranes
protect organs, and reduce friction
77
located in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Serous membranes
78
Layers of Serous membranes
1. Visceral layer
2. Parietal layer
79
covers organs
Visceral layer
80
lines cavity
Parietal layer
81
covers lungs, lines thorax
Pleural
82
covers heart, lines central part of thorax
Pericardial
83
covers organs, lines abdominopelvic cavity
Peritoneal
84
Oral (mouth) cavity
which contains the tongue and teeth
85
Nasal cavity
in the nose
86
Orbital cavities (orbits)
which contain the eyeballs
87
which contain small bones
Middle ear cavities
88
which are found in freely movable joints and contain synovial fluid
Synovial cavities
89
ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY: 4 QUADRANTS
• Right Upper Quadrant
• Right Lower Quadrant
• Left Upper Quadrant
• Left Lower Quadrant
90
ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY: 9 REGIONS
• Right Hypochondriac
• Epigastric
• Left Hypochondriac
• Right Lumbar
• Umbilical
• Left Lumbar
• Right Inguinal/ Iliac
• Hypogastric
• Left Inguinal/ Iliac
