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ANAPHY > Organization of the Human Body > Flashcards

Organization of the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

science that studies structure

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

science that studies body functions

A

Physiology

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3
Q

Anatomy (_________) determines physiology (__________)

A

structure,

functions

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4
Q

atoms -> molecules

A

Chemical

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5
Q
  • cells containing organelles
  • Basic unit of life
A

Cellular

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6
Q

groups of cells and surrounding material

A

Tissue

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7
Q

4 basic types pf tissues:

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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8
Q

group of tissues performing a common function

A

Organ

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9
Q

group of tissues performing a common function

A

System

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10
Q

contains all systems of an individual

A

Organism

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11
Q

Levels of Organization

A
  1. Chemical level
  2. Cellular level
  3. Tissue level
  4. Organ level
  5. System level
  6. Organismal level
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12
Q

Life Processes

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Responsiveness
  3. Movement
  4. Growth
  5. Differentiation
  6. Reproduction
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13
Q

the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body.

A

Metabolism

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14
Q

the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.

A

Responsiveness

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15
Q

includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells.

A

Movement

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16
Q

is an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both.

A

Growth

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17
Q

the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.

A

Differentiation

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18
Q

refers either to the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or to the production of a new individual.

A

Reproduction

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19
Q

— Postmortem examination

— Examination and dissection of a body to determine the cause of death when life processes have not been maintained adequately.

A

Autopsy

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20
Q

is the condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes.

A

Homeostasis

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21
Q

Maintaining a stable internal environment

A

Homeostasis

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22
Q

Dynamic process because of many changes

A

Homeostasis

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23
Q

Examples of variable factors
1. Body temperature, Blood pressure
2. Water and nutrient levels

A

Homeostasis

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24
Q

Maintained by feedback systems

A

Homeostasis

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25
Q

cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.

A

Feedback sys. or Feedback loop

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26
Q

monitored variable, such as body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level, is termed a controlled condition.

A

Feedback sys. or Feedback loop

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27
Q

three basic components of Feedback sys :

A

receptor,
control center, and
an effector.

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28
Q

Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Receptor
  3. Control Center
  4. Effector
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29
Q

disrupts a controlled variable

A

Stimulus

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30
Q

recognizes the change and sends message = input (afferent pathways) to: Control Center

A

Receptor

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31
Q

that evaluates input and sends output (efferent pathway) to: Effector

A

Control Center

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32
Q

receives output and produces a response

A

Effector

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33
Q

• reverses a change in a controlled condition
• Most homeostatic control mechanisms are
negative feedback systems
• “Negative” means “opposite” (not “bad”)
• These systems reverse a change in the controlled variable, bringing it back to “normal”
— Example: high blood pressure (BP) is detected and then lowered to normal BP

A

Negative Feedback Systems

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34
Q

reverses a change in a controlled condition

A

Negative Feedback Systems

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35
Q

These systems reverse a change in the controlled variable, bringing it back to “normal”

A

Negative Feedback Systems

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36
Q

• Few homeostatic control mechanisms are of this type.
• These systems strengthen a change and must be shut down by an outside force.

  • Examples:
    a. Contractions of uterus cause even more
    contractions at childbirth.
    b. Hormonal control of ovulation.
    c. Systems that control blood clotting.
A

POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEMS

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37
Q

These systems strengthen a change and must be shut down by an outside force.

A

POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEMS

38
Q

Examples:
— Contractions of uterus cause even more
contractions at child birth
—Hormonal control of ovulation
— Systems that control blood clotting

A

Positive Feedback Systems

39
Q

abnormality of structure/function

40
Q

specific illness characterized by signs
and symptoms

41
Q

2 types of Disease

A
  1. Symptoms
  2. Signs
42
Q

— subjective changes not observable from outside a person.
Examples: pain, headache, nausea, anxiety

43
Q

— observable or measurable changes.

Examples: can be either anatomical, such as swelling or a rash, or physiological, such as fever, high blood pressure, or paralysis.

44
Q

Normal process that:
— Includes a progressive loss in the ability to
maintain homeostasis (homeostatic imbalance)
— Affects all body systems
— Can be slowed down or minimized by healthy living

A

Aging and Homeostasis

45
Q

Precise use of language to define position, direction, and location in the body.

A

Anatomical Terms

46
Q

stands erect facing the observer, with head level and eyes facing forward, and palms facing forward.

A

Anatomical position

47
Q

If the body is lying face down, it is in the ___________

A

prone position

48
Q

If the body is lying faceup, it is in the ___________

A

supine position

49
Q

Words that describe the position of one body part relative to another.

A

DIRECTIONAL TERMS

50
Q

— Toward the head

Example: The heart is
___________ to the
liver

51
Q

— Away from the
head

Example: The stomach is
___________ to the
lungs

52
Q

— Nearer to or at
the front of the
body

Example: The sternum
(breastbone) is
__________ to the
heart

A

Anterior
(ventral)

53
Q

— Nearer to or at
the back of the
body

Example: The esophagus
(food tube) is _________ to the
trachea (windpipe)

A

Posterior
(dorsal)

54
Q

Nearer to the
midline

Example: The ulna is
_________ to the
radius

55
Q

— Farther from
the midline

Example: The lungs are
________ to the
heart

56
Q

— Between two
structures

Example: The transverse
colon is
______________ to
the ascending
and descending
colons

A

intermediate

57
Q

— On the same
side of the body
as another
structure

Example: The gallbladder
and ascending
colon are __________

A

ipsilateral

58
Q

— On the opposite
side of the body
from another
structure

Example: The ascending
and descending
colon are __________

A

contralateral

59
Q

— Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure

Example: The humerus
(arm bone) is ________ to the
radius.

60
Q

— Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure

Example: The phalanges (finger bones) are _______ to the carpals (wrist bones)

61
Q

— Toward or on
the surface of
the body

Example: The ribs are
________ to the lungs

A

superficial

62
Q

— Away from the
surface of the
body

Example: The ribs are
_________ to the skin
of the chest and
back.

63
Q

imaginary flat surfaces that pass through
the body parts.

64
Q

vertical plane that divides the body
or an organ into right and left sides.

A

Sagittal Plane

65
Q

plane that passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides.

A

Midsagittal Plane or Median Plane

66
Q

divides the body or an organ into
unequal right and left sides.

A

Parasagittal Plane

67
Q

divides the body or an organ into
anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

A

Frontal or Coronal

68
Q

divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions (a.k.a., cross-sectional, or horizontal plane).

A

Transverse Plane

69
Q

passes through the body or an organ
at an oblique angle.

A

Oblique Plane

70
Q

— is a cut of the body or one of its organs
made along one of the planes.

71
Q

are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs.

A

Body cavities

72
Q

• Cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal cord)

• Thoracic (chest cavity): pleural, pericardial, and mediastinal (region between lungs)

• Abdominopelvic (inferior to diaphragm)

• Serous membranes are located in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

Body cavities

73
Q

pleural, pericardial, and mediastinal (region between lungs)

A

Thoracic (chest cavity)

74
Q

— Larger; contains most abdominopelvic organs
— Subdivided into 9 regions or 4 quadrants

75
Q

— More inferior and smaller
— Contains urinary bladder, lowest portions of digestive tract, and internal reproductive organs

76
Q

Functions of Serous membranes

A

protect organs, and reduce friction

77
Q

located in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

Serous membranes

78
Q

Layers of Serous membranes

A
  1. Visceral layer
  2. Parietal layer
79
Q

covers organs

A

Visceral layer

80
Q

lines cavity

A

Parietal layer

81
Q

covers lungs, lines thorax

82
Q

covers heart, lines central part of thorax

A

Pericardial

83
Q

covers organs, lines abdominopelvic cavity

A

Peritoneal

84
Q

Oral (mouth) cavity

A

which contains the tongue and teeth

85
Q

Nasal cavity

A

in the nose

86
Q

Orbital cavities (orbits)

A

which contain the eyeballs

87
Q

which contain small bones

A

Middle ear cavities

88
Q

which are found in freely movable joints and contain synovial fluid

A

Synovial cavities

89
Q

ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY: 4 QUADRANTS

A

• Right Upper Quadrant
• Right Lower Quadrant
• Left Upper Quadrant
• Left Lower Quadrant

90
Q

ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY: 9 REGIONS

A

• Right Hypochondriac
• Epigastric
• Left Hypochondriac
• Right Lumbar
• Umbilical
• Left Lumbar
• Right Inguinal/ Iliac
• Hypogastric
• Left Inguinal/ Iliac

ANAPHY (17 decks)

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