INFLAMMATION Flashcards
— a non-specific, defensive process of the body to tissue damage.
— an attempt to dispose of microbes, toxins, or foreign material at the site of injury
INFLAMMATION
5 cardinal signs and symptoms:
a. redness (rubor)
b. pain (dolor)
c. heat (calor)
d. swelling (tumor)
e. loss of function (functio laesa)
— prime symptom of inflammation
— due to inflammation, joints and muscles might feel pain. In particular, the inflamed areas may
be sensitive to touch.
Pain (Dolor)
— due to inflammation, there is more blood flow to the area.
Heat(Calor)
— as the blood flow more to the inflamed area, the blood vessels of the area will be filled with more blood than normal.
— Due to which the inflamed area will appearred in the color.
Redness(Rubor)
the primary cause of swelling is accumulated fluid in the tissues or outside the blood vessel either in a particular area or throughout the body.
Swelling(tumor)
the immobility may result from the pain that restrains movement or from severe swelling that keeps the movement in the area.
Loss of function(functiolaesa)
TYPES OF INFLAMMATION
- acute
- chronic
— harmful pathogens or tissue injury.
— rapid
— a few days
— inflammation improves, or an abscess develops or becomes chronic.
Acute
— pathogens that the body cannot break drown, including some types of viruses, foreign bodies that remain in the system, or overactive immune responses.
— slow
— from months to years
— tissue death, thickening, and scarring of connective tissue
Chronic
— subdivide into two classes; microbial and non-microbial exogenous inducers.
Exogenous inducers
two classes of microbial inducers
- pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
- virulence factors
which are carried by all microorganisms
pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs)
trigger the inflammatory response due to the effects of their activity.
virulence factors
Example: enzymatic activity produced by helminths and exotoxins produced by bacteria
Microbial inducers
___________ produced by helminths
enzymatic activity
_________ produced by bacteria
exotoxins
include allergens, toxic compounds, irritants, and foreign bodies that are too large to be digested or cause phagosomal damage in macrophages.
Non-Microbial
— signals released by tissues that are either dead, damaged, malfunctioned, or stressed. Two large groups- infectious factors and the non-infectious factors.
Endogenous inducers
category includes bacteria,viruses, and other microorganisms.
Infectious factors
— due to physical injuries such as frostbite,burn, physical injury, foreign bodies, trauma, ionizing radiation, chemical compounds such as glucose, fatty acids, toxins, alcohol, and chemical irritants such as nickel and other trace elements.
— There are also biological inducers, including signals released by damaged cells and physiological due to excitement.
Non-Infectious factors
A variety of chemical mediators from circulation system, inflammatory cells, and injured tissue actively contribute to and adjust the inflammatory response
Mediators
(1) vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin,
(2) peptide (e.g., bradykinin), and
(3) eicosanoids (e.g., thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins).
Mediators
vasoactive amines such as ____________
histamine and serotonin
peptide
e.g., bradykinin
eicosanoids
e.g., thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins
white blood cells
monocytes,
basophils,
eosinophils, and
neutrophils
— mast cells in connective tissue and basophils and platelets in blood release histamine. Neutrophils and macrophages attracted to the site of injury also stimulate the release of histamine, which causes vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels.
Histamine
— polypeptide formed from inactive kininogens, induce vasodilation and increased permeability and serve chemotactic agents for phagocytes.
— Eg.bradykinin
Kinins
— lipids especially those of the E series intensify the effects of histamine and kinins. Also stimulate the emigration of phagocytes through capillary walls.
Prostaglandins (PGs)
— produces by basophils and mast cells, caused increased permeability;function in adherence of phagocytes to pathogens and as chemotactic agents and attract pahgocytes.
Leukotrienes (LTs)
stimulate histamine release, attract neutrophils by chemotaxis, and promote phagocytosis; some components also destroy bacteria.
Complement
— as inflammatory response continues, monocytes follow the neutrophils in infected areas.
— monocytes transforms into wandering macrophages, they are large enough to engulf damaged tissue, worn-out neutrophils, and invading microbes. Eventually, macrophages also die.
— after few days, pocket of dead phagocytes and damaged tissue forms (pus). This will continue until the infection subsides.
— pus reaches the surface of the body or drains into an internal cavity and is dispersed.
— on other occasions the pus remains even after the infection is terminated. In this case, the pus is gradually destroyed over a period of days and is absorbed.
Body remove inflammation without drugs
— Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen
— Corticosteroids (such as prednisone)
— Antimalarial medications (such as hydroxychloroquine)
— Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs),
including azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, leflunomide, methotrexate, and sulfasalazine.
— Biologic drugs such as abtacept, adalimumab,
certolizumab, etanercept, infliximab, golimumab, rituximab, and tocilizumab
Pharmacologic Management
such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
such as prednisone
Corticosteroids
such as hydroxychloroquine
Antimalarial medications
including azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, leflunomide, methotrexate, and sulfasalazine
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
such as abtacept, adalimumab, certolizumab, etanercept, infliximab, golimumab, rituximab, and tocilizumab
Biologic drugs
— Home remedies
— Quit smoking
— Limit alcohol
— Keep a healthy weight
— Managestress
— Get regular physical activity
— Supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids,white willow bark,curcumin, green tea, or capsaicin. Magnesium and vitamins B6,C, D, and E also have some anti-inflammatory effects. Talk with your doctor before starting any supplement.
— Surgery
Non- Pharmacologic Management
