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nervous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

deals with normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system

A

Neurology

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2
Q

is a physician who diagnoses and treats disorders of the nervous system.

A

Neurologist

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3
Q

Mass of only 2 kg (4.5 lb), about 3% of the total body weight, the ____________is one of the smallest and yet the most complex of the 11 body systems.

A

nervous system

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4
Q

Structures of the Nervous System

A

• Brain
• Spinal Cord
• Nerves(Cranial and Spinal)
• Ganglia
• Enteric Plexuses
• Sensory receptors

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5
Q

neurons enclosed within skull

A

Brain

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6
Q

connects to brain and enclosed
within spinal cavity

A

Spinal cord

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7
Q

bundles of many axons of neurons

A

Nerves

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8
Q

(12 pairs) emerge from brain

A

Cranial nerves

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9
Q

(31 pairs) emerge from spinal cord

A

Spinal nerves

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10
Q

groups of neuron cell bodies located outside of brain and spinal cord

A

Ganglia

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11
Q

networks in digestive tract

A

Enteric plexuses

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12
Q

monitor changes in internal or external environments

A

Sensory receptors

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13
Q

Functions of the Nervous System

A

• Sensory (Input)
• Integration (Process)
• Motor Activity (Output)

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14
Q

• receptors and sensory nerves

A

Sensory (input)

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15
Q

• Carry information into brain and spinal cord

A

Sensory (input)

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16
Q

information processing

A

Integration (process)

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17
Q

awareness of sensory input

A

Perception

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18
Q

Analyzing and storing information to help lead to appropriate responses

A

Integration (process)

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19
Q

efferent nerves

A

Motor activity (output)

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20
Q

Signals to muscles and glands (effectors)

A

Motor activity (output)

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21
Q

Organization of the Nervous System

A

• Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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22
Q

Brain (100 billion neurons) and spinal cord (100 million neurons)

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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23
Q

source of thoughts, emotions, and memories

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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24
Q

signals that stimulate muscles to contract and glands to secrete

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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25
Q

All nervous system structures outside of the CNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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26
Q

include nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, and sensory receptors

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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27
Q

Central nervous system (CNS) structures:

A

• Brain
• Spinal cord

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28
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) structures:

A

• Cranial nerves and branches
• Spinal nerves and branches
• Ganglia
• Sensory receptors

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29
Q

Divisions of Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

• Somatic (SNS)
• Autonomic (ANS) nervous systems
• Enteric nervous system (ENS)

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30
Q

Sensory neurons from head, body wall, limbs, special sense organs

A

Somatic (SNS)

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31
Q

Motor neurons to skeletal muscle: voluntary

A

Somatic (SNS)

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32
Q

Sensory neurons from viscera

A

Autonomic (ANS) nervous systems

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33
Q

Motor neurons to viscera (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands): involuntary

A

Autonomic (ANS) nervous systems

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34
Q

“fight-or-flight” or “fight-fright-flight”

A

• Sympathetic (ANS)

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35
Q

“rest-and-digest”

A

Parasympathetic (ANS)

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36
Q

“brain of the gut”

A

Enteric nervous system (ENS)

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37
Q

govern contraction of GI tract smooth muscle to propel food, secretions of the GI tract organs such as acid from the stomach, and activity of GI tract endocrine cells, which secrete hormones (involuntary)

A

Enteric nervous system (ENS)

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38
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

SNS

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39
Q

Smooth muscle,
Cardiac muscle,
Glands

A

ANS

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40
Q

Smooth muscle,
Glands,
Endocrine cells of GI tract

A

ENS

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41
Q

HISTOLOGY OF NERVOUS TISSUE
Two cell types:

A

• Neurons

• Neuroglia cells

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42
Q

Can respond to stimuli and convert stimuli to electrical signals (nerve impulses or action potentials) that travel along neurons

A

Neurons

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43
Q

support, nourish and protect neurons

A

Neuroglia cells

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44
Q

critical for homeostasis of interstitial fluid around neurons

A

Neuroglia

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45
Q

continue to divide throughout an individual’s lifetime

A

Neuroglia

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46
Q

Parts of a Neuron

A

• Cell body (perikaryon or soma)

• Dendrites

• Axon

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47
Q

nucleus, cytoplasm with typical organelles

A

Cell body (perikaryon or soma)

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48
Q

highly branched structures that carry impulses to the cell body

A

Dendrites

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49
Q

receiving or input portions of a neuron

A

Dendrites

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50
Q

conducts away from cell body toward another
neuron, muscle or gland

A

Axon

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51
Q

Emerges at cone-shaped axon hillock

A

Axon

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52
Q

contain synaptic vesicles that can release neurotransmitters

A

Axon terminals

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53
Q

Structural Classes of Neuron

A

• Multipolar
• Bipolar
• Unipolar

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54
Q

Have several or many dendrites and one axon

A

Multipolar

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55
Q

Most common type in brain and spinal cord

A

Multipolar

56
Q

Have one dendrite and one axon

57
Q

Example: in retina of eye and inner ear

58
Q

Have fused dendrite and axon

59
Q

Sensory neurons of spinal nerves

60
Q

Sensory receptors

A

dendrites of unipolar neurons

61
Q

Functional Classes of Neuron

A

• Sensory (afferent)
• Motor (efferent)
• Interneurons (association neurons)

62
Q

sensory neuron forms an action potential in its axon and the action potential is conveyed into the CNS through cranial or spinal nerves. (unipolar)

A

Sensory (afferent)

63
Q

convey action potentials away from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) in the periphery (PNS) through cranial or spinal nerves. (multipolar)

A

Motor (efferent)

64
Q

integrate (process) incoming sensory information from sensory neurons and then elicit a motor response by activating the appropriate motor neurons. (multipolar)

A

Interneurons (association neurons)

65
Q

Cells smaller but much more numerous than neurons

66
Q

Can multiply and divide and fill in brain areas

67
Q

brain tumors derived from neuroglia

68
Q

Do not conduct nerve impulses
Do support, nourish and protect neurons

69
Q

Neuroglia of the CNS (4 types)

A

• Astrocytes
• Oligodendrocytes
• Microglia
• Ependymal cells

70
Q

(star shaped): help form blood brain barrier
• regulate the growth, migration of neurons in the brain & play a role in learning and memory

A

Astrocytes

71
Q

have many short branching processes and are found in gray matter.

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes

72
Q

have many long unbranched processes and are located mainly in white matter.

A

Fibrous astrocytes

73
Q

produce myelin in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

74
Q

• protect CNS cells from disease
• function as phagocytes.

75
Q

form CSF in ventricles

A

Ependymal cells

76
Q

produce myelin around PNS neurons; help to regenerate PNS axons

77
Q

support neurons in PNS ganglia

A

Satellite cells

78
Q

• Axons covered with a myelin sheath
• Many layers of lipid and protein: insulates neurons
• Increases speed of nerve conduction
• Appears white (in white matter)

A

Myelination

79
Q

gaps in the myelin

A

Nodes of Ranvier

80
Q

are important for rapid signal conduction

81
Q

Some diseases destroy myelin

A

• Multiple sclerosis
• Tay-Sachs

82
Q

Collections of Nervous Tissue

A

• Clusters of neuron cell bodies
• Bundles of axons

83
Q

cluster of cell bodies in PNS

84
Q

Bundles of axons

A

• Nerve
• Tract

85
Q

cluster of cell bodies in PNS

86
Q

cluster of cell bodies in CNS

87
Q

bundle of axons in PNS

88
Q

bundle to axons in CNS

89
Q

primarily myelinated axons

A

White matter

90
Q

cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, neuroglia

A

Gray matter

91
Q

white matter (tracts) surround centrally located gray matter “H” of “butterfly”

A

Spinal cord

92
Q

gray matter in thin cortex surrounds white matter (tracts)

93
Q

Axons and dendrite in the PNS can be repaired if cell body is intact and Schwann cells functional. These form a regeneration tube and grow axons or dendrites if scar tissue does not fill the tube

A

Regeneration of PNS neurons

94
Q

• Very limited even if cell body is intact
• Inhibited by neuroglia and by lack of fetal growth- stimulators

A

Regeneration of CNS neurons

95
Q

nerve impulses

A

Action potentials

96
Q

a charge difference across cell membrane (polarization)

A

membrane potential

97
Q

allow ions to move by diffusion from high to low concentration

A

Ion channels

98
Q

four types of ion channels

A

• leak channels,
• ligand-gated channels,
• mechanically gated channels,
• voltage-gated channels

99
Q

allow ions to leak through membrane; there are more for K+ than for Na+

A

Leakage channels

100
Q

opens and closes in response to the binding of a ligand (chemical) stimulus.

A

Ligand-gated channel

101
Q

opens or closes in response to mechanical stimulation in the form of vibration (such as sound waves), touch, pressure, or tissue stretching.

A

Mechanically gated channel

102
Q

opens in response to a change in membrane potential (voltage). Participate in the generation and conduction of action potentials in the axons of all types of neurons.

A

voltage-gated channel

103
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

• Typically –70 mV
• Inside of membrane more negative than outside

104
Q

Inside (more negative) because cytosol has:
• Many negative ions (too large to leak out):
amino acids (in cellular proteins) and
phosphates (as in ATP)
• K+ that easily leaks out through many K+ channels

Outside (more positive) because interstitial fluid has:
• Few negative ions
• Na+ that does not leak out of cell: few Na+ channels
• Membrane “pumps” that quickly pump out Na+ that does leak (diffuse) into cell

A

Caused by presence of ions

105
Q

RMP three major factors

A

(1) unequal distribution of ions in the ECF and cytosol,
(2) inability of most anions to leave the cell
(3) the electrogenic nature of the Na/K ATPases.

106
Q

a sequence of rapidly occurring events that decrease and reverse the membrane potential and then eventually restore it to the resting state.

A

Action Potential (impulse)

107
Q

An initial event (stimulus) is required
• Triggers resting membrane to become more
permeable to Na+
• Causes enough Na+ to enter cell so that cell membrane reaches threshold (~ –55 mv)
• If so, the following events occur: action potential which spreads along neuron or muscle fiber

A

Action Potential (impulse)

108
Q

Na+ channels open à as more Na+ enters cell, membrane potential rises and becomes positive
(-70-> -55 -> 0 + 30 mv)

A

Depolarizing phase

109
Q

K+ channels openàas more K+ leave cell, membrane potential is returned to resting value
(+ 30 -> 0 -> -70 mv)

A

Repolarizing phase

110
Q

May overshoot

A

hyperpolarizing phase

111
Q

Typically depolarization and repolarization take place in about _____________

A

1 millisecond (1/1000 sec)

112
Q

• Levels of ions back to normal by action of Na+/K+
pump
• Refractory period (brief): even with adequate stimulus, cell cannot be activated

113
Q

If a stimulus is strong enough to cause depolarization to threshold level, the impulse will travel the entire length of the neuron at a constant and maximum strength.

A

All-or-none principle

114
Q

Each section triggers the next locally as even more
Na+ channels are opened (like row of dominos)

A

Nerve impulse conduction (propagation)

115
Q

Types of conduction

A

• Continuous conduction
• Saltatory conduction

116
Q

In unmyelinated fibers; slower form of conduction

A

Continuous conduction

117
Q

In myelinated fibers; faster as impulses “leap” between nodes of Ranvier

A

Saltatory conduction

118
Q

Factors that increase rate of conduction

A

Myelin,
large diameter and
warm nerve fibers

119
Q

(neuron-neuron)

120
Q

(neuron-muscle fiber)

A

Neuromuscular junction

121
Q

(neuron-gland)

A

Neuroglandular junction

122
Q

Triggered by action potential

A

nerve impulse

123
Q

Sending neuron

A

presynaptic neuron

124
Q

Space between neurons:

A

synaptic cleft

125
Q

Receiving neuron

A

postsynaptic neuron

126
Q

NT serves as ____________ (stimulus) of ion channels

A

chemical trigger

127
Q

Only ______________ release NT

A

presynaptic cells

128
Q

Only ____________ have receptors for NT binding

A

postsynaptic cells

129
Q

Finally, NT must be removed from the cleft. Three possible mechanisms

A

• Diffusion out of cleft
• Destruction by enzymes (such as ACh-ase) in cleft
• Transport back (recycling) into presynaptic cell

130
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

• Biogenic Amines
• Acetylcholine (ACh)
• Neuropeptides
• Amino acids
• Nitric oxide (NO)

131
Q

common in PNS

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

132
Q

on skeletal muscles

A

Stimulatory

133
Q

on cardiac muscle

A

Inhibitory

134
Q

Glutamate, aspartate, gamma aminobutyric acid
(GABA), glycine

A

Amino acids

135
Q

Norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin

A

Biogenic Amines

136
Q

such as endorphins

A

Neuropeptides

137
Q

major inhibitory NT of brain

ANAPHY (17 decks)

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