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ANAPHY > CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION > Flashcards

CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Structure

A

— Plasma membrane
— Cytoplasm: cytosol + organelles
— Nucleus

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2
Q

cytosol + organelles

A

Cytoplasm

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3
Q

— Phospholipid bilayer
— Cholesterol
— Proteins (integral and peripheral)
— Attached carbohydrates (glycolipids and glycoproteins)

A

Cell Membrane

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4
Q

integral and peripheral

A

Proteins

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5
Q

glycolipids and glycoproteins

A

Attached carbohydrates

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6
Q

Membrane Function

A
  1. Ion Channel (integral)
  2. Receptor (Integral)
  3. Carrier (Integral)
  4. Enzyme (Integral and Peripheral)
  5. Linker (Integral and Peripheral)
  6. Cell Identity Marker (Glycoprotein)
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7
Q

Allows specific ion to move through water-filled pore. Most plasma membranes include specific channels for several common ions

A

Ion Channel (integral)

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8
Q

Transports specific substances across membrane by changing shape. For example, amino acids, needed to synthesize new proteins, enter body cells via carriers. Carrier proteins are also known as transporters.

A

Carrier (Integral)

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9
Q

Carrier proteins are also known as _________

A

Transporters

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10
Q

Recognizes specific ligand and alters cells function in some way. For example, antidiuretic hormone binds to receptors in the kidneys and changes the water permeability of certain plasma membranes.

A

Receptor (Integral)

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11
Q

Catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell (depending on which direction the active site faces). For example, lactase protruding from epithelial cells lining your small intestine splits the disaccharide lactose in the milk you drink.

A

Enzyme (integral and peripheral)

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12
Q

Anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell. May also participate in movement of the cell or link two cells together.

A

Linker (Integral and Peripheral)

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13
Q

Distinguishes your cells from anyone else’s (unless you are an identical twin). An important class of such markers are the major histocompatability (MHC) proteins.

A

Cell Identity Markers (glycoprotein)

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14
Q

• Barrier between inside and outside of cell
• Controls entry of materials: transport
• Receives chemical and mechanical signals
• Transmits signals between intra- and extra- cellular spaces.

A

Membrane Function

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15
Q

Cell Organelles;

A

• Cytoskeleton
• Flagella, cilia & centrioles
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• Mitochondrion
• Nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope
• Vesicles, e.g. lysosome

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16
Q

• Cell contents
• Includes organelles and cytosol
• Excludes nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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17
Q

a network of protein filaments

A

Cytoskeleton

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18
Q

• a network of protein filaments
• Includes: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
• help generate movement, provide mechanical support
• stabilize position of organelles
• Help determine cell shape

A

Cytoskeleton

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19
Q

moves chromosomes to ends of
cell during cell division

A

Centrosome

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20
Q

Structure of Centrosome:

A

• Two centrioles arranged perpendicular to each other
— Composed of microtubules: 9 clusters of 3 (triplets)

• Pericentriolar material
— Composed of tubulin that grows the mitotic spindle

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21
Q

Composed of microtubules: 9 clusters of 3 (triplets)

A

Two centrioles arranged perpendicular to each other

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22
Q

Composed of tubulin that grows the mitotic spindle

A

Pericentriolar material

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23
Q
  1. The prricentriolar material of the centrosome contains tubulins that build microtubules in nondividing cells
  2. The pericentriolar material of the centrosome formation the mitotic spindle during cell division
A

Functions of Centrosome

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24
Q

Specialized for motion

A

Cilia and Flagella

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25
Q

— in groups
• Found in respiratory system: move mucus

A

Cilia

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26
Q

— single tail like structure on sperm
• Propels sperm forward in reproductive tract

A

Flagellum

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27
Q

• Made within the nucleus (in nucleolus)
• Sites of protein synthesis (on E.R. or freely
within cytoplasm)
• Consist of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) + proteins
• Contain large and small subunits
• Can be attached to endoplasmic reticulum or free in cytosol

A

Ribosomes

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28
Q

Sites of protein synthesis (on E.R. or freely
within cytoplasm)

A

Ribosomes

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29
Q

Made within the nucleus (in nucleolus)

A

Ribosomes

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30
Q

Consist of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) + proteins

A

Ribosomes

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31
Q

Structure: network of folded membranes

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)

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32
Q

synthesis of glycoproteins & phosholipids,
intracellular transport

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)

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33
Q

Types of E.R.

A
  1. RoughE.R.
  2. Smooth E.R.
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34
Q

— studded with ribosomes (sites of protein synthesis)

A

RoughE.R.

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35
Q

lacks ribosomes

A

Smooth E.R.

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36
Q

lipid synthesis (FA & steroids)

A

Smooth E.R.

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37
Q

storage and release of Ca2+ in muscle cells (where smooth E.R. is known as ____________)

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum or SR

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38
Q

Flattened membranes (cisterns) with bulging
edges (like stacks of pita bread)

A

Structure of Golgi Complex

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39
Q

Modify proteins -> glycoproteins and lipoproteins that:
• Become parts of plasma membranes
• Are stored in lysosomes, or
• Are exported by exocytosis

A

Functions of Golgi Complex

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40
Q

Small Bodies

A
  1. Lysosomes
  2. Tay-Sachs Disease:
  3. Peroxisomes
  4. Proteasomes
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41
Q

— contain digestive enzymes

• Help in final processes of digestion within cells
• Carry out autophagy (destruction of worn out parts of cell) and death of old cells (autolysis)

A

Lysosomes

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42
Q

destruction of worn out parts of cell

A

autophagy

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43
Q

death of old cells

A

autolysis

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44
Q

— hereditary disorder most often affects children of Ashkenazi (eastern European Jewish) descent; one missing lysosomal enzyme (Hex A) leads to nerve destruction.

A

Tay-Sachs Disease

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45
Q

excess ganglioside GM2 in the nerve cells.

A

Tay-Sachs Disease

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46
Q

detoxify; abundant in liver

A

Peroxisomes

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47
Q

contain the enzyme catalase, which decomposes H2O2.

A

Peroxisomes

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48
Q

digest unneeded or faulty proteins

A

Proteasomes

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49
Q

Faulty proteins accumulate in brain cells in persons with Parkinson or Alzheimer disease

A

Proteasomes

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50
Q

— Sausage-shaped with many folded membranes (cristae) and liquid matrix containing enzymes

A

Structure of Mitochondria

51
Q

— Have some DNA, ribosomes (can make proteins)

A

Structure of Mitochondria

52
Q

Generate ATP through reactions of aerobic
cellular respiration.

A

Function of Mitochondria

53
Q

Chemical reactions require oxygen

A

Mitochondria

54
Q

Play an important early role in apoptosis.

A

Mitochondria

55
Q

— Abundant in muscle, liver, and kidney cells
• These cells require much ATP

A

Mitochondria

56
Q

Round or oval structure surrounded by nuclear envelope with nuclear pores

A

Nucleus

57
Q

Contains nucleolus: makes ribosomes that pass into cytoplasm through nuclear pores

A

Nucleus

58
Q

Store genetic material (DNA) in genes arranged in 46 chromosomes

A

Nucleus

59
Q

Contains most of the cell’s genes, which are located on chromosomes

A

Nucleus

60
Q

— DNA contains information for directing protein synthesis:
• In this cell
• In new cells (formed by cell reproduction)

A

Nucleus

61
Q

2 steps of Protein Synthesis

A
  1. transcription
  2. translation
62
Q

transcription

A

In Nucleus

63
Q

translation

A

Ribosomes in the Cytoplasm

64
Q

• RNA polymerase (enzyme) transcribes DNA into RNA; complementary base
— C-G, G-C, T-A, A-U

A

Transcription

65
Q

complementary base pairs of Transcription

A

C-G,
G-C,
T-A,
A-U

66
Q

DNA has the _______

A

ATCG nitrogenous bases

67
Q

RNA replaces thymine with uracil, making its

A

AUCG nitrogenous bases

68
Q

Types of RNA formed:

A
  1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  2. Ribosomal RNA
  3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
69
Q

Directs synthesis of polypeptide

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

70
Q

Component of ribosomes

A

Ribosomal RNA

71
Q

Carries amino acids to ribosome for reaction

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

72
Q

Requires 3 different RNAs

A

Translation

73
Q

from nucleus (mRNA) direct sequencing of amino acids

A

Messenger RNA

74
Q

Requires 3 different RNAs

A
  1. Messenger RNA
  2. Ribosomes
  3. Transfer RNA
75
Q

contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and are the sites of translation

A

Ribosomes

76
Q

carry amino acids (tRNA) to sites on mRNA

A

Transfer RNA

77
Q

In all body cells except gametes

A

Somatic Cell Division

78
Q

— Period of growth and development of cell
— Preparation for reproduction: DNA synthesis

A

Interphase

79
Q

Preparation for reproduction

A

DNA synthesis

80
Q

— division of nucleus
• 4 phases (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)

A

Mitotic Phase

81
Q

division of cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

82
Q

Cell metabolically active; duplicates organelles and cytosolic components; centrosome replication begins.

A

G1 Phase

83
Q

DNA replicated (8hours)

A

S Phase

84
Q

Cell growth continues; enzymes and other proteins are synthesized; centrosome replication completed.

A

G2 Phase

85
Q

Chromatin condenses into pairs of chromatids connected at centromeres

A

Prophase

86
Q

• Centrosomes form the mitotic spindle (composed of microtubules) that extends from pole to pole of the cell
— Some chemotherapy drugs fight cancer cells by inhibiting formation of the mitotic spindle

A

Prophase

87
Q

Nuclear envelope and nucleolus break down

A

Prophase

88
Q

Centromeres of chromatid pairs are aligned along microtubules at the center (“equator”) of the metaphase plate

A

Metaphase

89
Q

Centromeres split, separating “sister chromatids” (chromosomes)

A

Anaphase

90
Q

Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of spindle by microtubules of the mitotic spindle

A

Anaphase

91
Q

Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) begins by the formation of a cleavage furrow

A

Anaphase

92
Q

• Chromosomes revert to threadlike chromatin • Nuclear envelope and nucleolus reappear
• Mitotic spindle breaks up
• Cytokinesis is completed

A

Telophase

93
Q

usually begins in late anaphase with the formation of a cleavage furrow and is completed after telophase

A

Cytokinesis

94
Q

Cell Destinies:

A

(1) to remain alive and functioning without dividing
(2) to grow and divide
(3) to die (can be through apoptosis or necrosis)

95
Q

— Because structure determines function, cells differ in structure related to their functions.
• Nerve cells may reach several feet in length to carry nerve impulses from spinal cord to toe
• Muscle cells can produce effective contractions because they are cylindrical or spindle-shaped
• Microvilli increase surface area of intestinal cells to maximize absorptive ability

A

Cellular Diversity

96
Q

Most cells are microscopic; the diameter of the largest human cell (an oocyte) can barely be seen with the unaided eye.

A

Cellular Diversity

97
Q

largest human cell

A

an oocyte

98
Q

Cellular Diversity

A
  1. Sperm cell
  2. Red Blood Cell
  3. Smooth Muscle Cell
  4. Nerve Cell
99
Q

has a flagellum that it uses for locomotion

A

Sperm cell

100
Q

disc shape RBC gives it a large surface area that enhances its ability to pass oxygen

A

Red blood cells

101
Q

can produce effective contractions because they are cylindrical or spindle-shaped

A

Smooth muscle cell

102
Q

nerve cells have long extensions that permit them to conduct nerve impulses over great distances

A

Nerve cell

103
Q

• May be programmed genetically
• Decreased rate of mitosis; nerve cells and skeletal muscle cells cannot be replaced
• Telomeres (DNA at tips of chromosomes)
— Telomeres shorten with aging
— Progeria (rapid aging): profound telomere shortening
• Protein damage by glucose cross-links
• Free radicals damage
• Autoimmune responses

A

Aging

104
Q

DNA at tips of chromosomes

A

Telomeres

105
Q

(rapid aging)
— profound telomere shortening

A

Progeria

106
Q

Progeria also known as __________

A

Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome
(HGPS)

107
Q

is a disease characterized by normal development in the first year of life followed by rapid aging

A

Progeria

108
Q

Symptoms include dry and wrinkled skin, total baldness, and birdlike facial features.

A

Progeria

109
Q

Death usually occurs around age 13.

A

Progeria

110
Q

Werner Syndrome also known as _____________

A

“adult progeria”

111
Q

is a rare, inherited disease that causes a rapid acceleration of aging, usually age twenties.

A

Werner Syndrome “adult progeria”

112
Q

Most afflicted individuals die before age 50.

A

Werner Syndrome “adult progeria”

113
Q

the tangled, spread-out form of
DNA found inside the nuclear membrane.

A

Chromatin

114
Q

When a cell is ready to divide, DNA condenses into structures known as ___________

A

chromosomes

115
Q

— has two back-to-back layers made up of
three types of lipid molecules – phospholipids,
cholesterol, and glycolipids.

— It also contains proteins (integral and peripheral).

A

The Lipid Bilayer

116
Q

consist of two layers of phospholipids with a hydrophobic (non-polar),
or water-hating, interior (tails)
and a hydrophilic (polar),
or water-loving exterior (head).

A

Phospholipid Bilayer

117
Q

• Maintains the structural integrity and regulating the fluidity of cell membranes.
• Gives the membrane rigidity.

A

Cholesterol

118
Q

extend into or through the lipid
bilayer and are firmly embedded in it.

A

Integral Proteins

119
Q

are not as firmly embedded in
the membrane. They are attached to the polar heads of membrane lipids or to integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane.

A

Peripheral Proteins

120
Q

— maintains membrane stability, but also
facilitates cell-to-cell communication acting as
receptors, anchors for proteins and regulators of signal transduction.

A

Glycolipids

121
Q

— enable cells to recognize another cell
as familiar or foreign. They also help cells attach to and bind other cells, which is called cell adhesion. It also serves as protection and immune response.
— Cell Recognition

A

Glycoproteins

122
Q

• does notrequire energy.
• From high concentration to low concentration.
• Polar molecules like water and glucose can pass through.
• Ions enter through special transmembrane proteins.
• Some small nonpolar molecules (O2 and CO2) can pass right through the membrane.

A

Passive Transport (facilitated diffusion)

123
Q

• requires energy.
• From low concentration to high concentration.

A

Active Transport

ANAPHY (17 decks)

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