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MSK > The Leg, Ankle + Foot > Flashcards

The Leg, Ankle + Foot Flashcards

1
Q

Three groups of bones in foot

A

Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

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2
Q

Name the tarsal bones

A

Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiforms (medial, intermediate + lateral)

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3
Q

Number of phalanges per toe

A

3 on each digit except 2 on big toe
Proximal, (middle) + distal

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4
Q

Name for ankle joint

A

Talocrural joint

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5
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

A

Synovial hinge joint

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6
Q

Movements of ankle

A

Dorisflexion
Plantarfelxion

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7
Q

What is the subtalar joint comprised of?

A

Bottom of talus
Top of calcaneus

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8
Q

Movement of subtalar joint

A

Inversion
Eversion

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9
Q

Toes in dorsifexion

A

Toe extension - point up

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10
Q

Toes in plantarflexion

A

Toe flexion - point toes

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11
Q

Movements of toe and description

A

Toe flexion - point toes
Toe extension - toes up + back
Toe ABduction - apart from midline
Toe ADductoin - together

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12
Q

Blood supply to ankle joint

A

Anterior tibial, posterior tibial + fibular arteries

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13
Q

What type of joint is the subtalar joint?

A

Synovial

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14
Q

Where does inversion + eversion of foot occur

A

Subtalar joint MAIN
Calcaneocuboid joint
Talocalcaneonavicular joint

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15
Q

Which muscles cause plantarflexion?

A

Posterior leg
- Soleous
- Plantaris
- Gastrocnemius
- flexor hallucis longus
- flexor digitorum longus
- Tibialis posterior
.
Planterflxion Posterior

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16
Q

Which muscles cause dorsiflexion?

A

Anterior leg
- Tibialis anterior
- Extensor hallucis longus
- Extensor digitorum longus

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17
Q

Medial malleolus location

A

Bony prominence at inferior end of tibia

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18
Q

Lateral malleolus location

A

Bony prominence at inferior end of fibula

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19
Q

Which ligament originates form the medial malleolus

A

Deltoid ligament

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20
Q

Functional significance of inversion and eversion

A

To allow walking on uneven surfaces

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21
Q

Which ligaments originate from the lateral malleolus?

A

Anterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament at tip of LM

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22
Q

List the lateral ligaments of the ankle

A

Anterior talofibular ligament
Posterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament

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23
Q

Function of lateral ligament of ankle

A

Resist over inversion of foot

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24
Q

Name of the medial ligament of the ankle

A

Deltoid ligament

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25
Q

Function of the medial/deltoid ligament of ankle

A

Resists over eversion of foot

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26
Q

Attachments of anterior talofibular ligament

A

Between lateral malleolus and neck of talus

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27
Q

Attachments of posterior talofibular ligament

A

Between malleolus fossa and lateral tubercle of talus

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28
Q

What is the malleolus?

A

Bony prominence on each side of ankle

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29
Q

Attachments of calcaneofibular ligament

A

Between tip of lateral malleolus and lateral surface of calcaneus

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30
Q

Attachments of deltoid ligament

A

Fans out from medial malleolus to talus, calcaneus + navicular

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31
Q

Which muscles cause eversion of knee?

A

Peroneus muscles
Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
Peroneus tertius

peroneus eversion

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32
Q

Which muscles cause inversion of ankle?

A

Tibialis muscles
Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior

tibialis - inversion

+ flexor hallucis longus
+ flexor digitorum longus

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33
Q

List the arches of the foot

A

Anterior transverse arch
Medial longitudinal arch
Lateral longitudinal arch

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34
Q

Explain the transverse arch being a half/full arch

A

Half arch in one foot
Full arch when both feet are together

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35
Q

What maintains the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

A
  • Shape of interlocking bones
  • Ligament of foot
  • Intrinsic foot muscles
  • Pull of long tendons of extrinsic muscles (anterior, lateral + posterior compartments of leg)
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36
Q

What is the medial longitudinal arch formed by?

A

Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular
Cuneiforms
Medial three metatarsals

ALL tarsals but cuboid

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37
Q

What helps to maintain integrity of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

A

Plantar aponeurosis
Spring ligament
Tibialis anterior
Peroneus longus tendons

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38
Q

What is the spring ligament?

A

Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament binding to the calcaneus + navicular

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39
Q

Which muscles support the medial longitudinal arch?

A

Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior
Flexor hallucis longus
Peroneus longus

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40
Q

What is the lateral longitudinal arch formed by?

A

Calcaneus
Cuboid
Two lateral metatarsals

41
Q

What helps support the the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

Contraction of Peroneus brevis

42
Q

Name of muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Peroneus tertius

43
Q

Action of the anterior leg

A

Dorsiflexion

44
Q

Actions of the extensor digitorum longus + extensor hallucis longus

A

Dorsiflexion

Digirotum - extends 4 digits
Hallucis - extends great toe

45
Q

Innervation of anterior leg muscles

A

Deep peroneal nerve
L4-S2

46
Q

Blood supply to anterior leg muscles

A

Anterior tibial artery

47
Q

Order of anterior leg muscles lateral to medial

A

Lateral
(Peroneus tertius)
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Tibialis anterior
Medial

THuD

48
Q

Order of anterior leg muscles superficial to deep

A

Most superficial
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Most deep

49
Q

Name the lateral muscles of the leg

A

Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis

50
Q

Action of lateral leg muscles

A

Eversion

peroneus eversion

51
Q

Innervation of the lateral leg muscles

A

Superior peroneal nerve L4-S1

pernoeal - peroneus

52
Q

Function of lateral leg muscles

A

Eversion
Prevent excessive inversion
Stabilise medial margin of foot

53
Q

Describe the Peroneus longus in comparison to brevis

A

Larger + more superficial than brevis

54
Q

What separates the superficial + deep posterior leg muscle compartment?

A

Fascia

55
Q

Action of posterior leg muscles

A

Plantarflexion
(except popliteus)

56
Q

Innervation of posterior leg muscles

A

Tibial nerve L4-S3

57
Q

Insertion of superior posterior leg muscles

A

Calcaneus tuberosity

58
Q

What is the Achille’s tendon also called?

A

Calcaneus tendon

59
Q

What is the calcaneus tendon also called?

A

Achille’s tendon

60
Q

What muscle is not in all people?

A

Plantaris

61
Q

List the superior posterior leg muscles from superficial to deep

A

Most superficial
Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
Soleus
Deepest

62
Q

Name the deep posterior leg muscles

A

Popliteus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus

63
Q

What muscles of the deep posterior leg compartment act on the knee + ankle?

A

Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus

64
Q

What muscles of the deep posterior leg compartment act on the knee only?

A

Popliteus

65
Q

Popliteus action

A

Lateral rotation of femur on the tibia
‘Unlocking’ the knee joint for flexion

66
Q

List the deep posterior leg muscles from superficial to deep

A

Most superficial (closest to heel)
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior
Most deep

67
Q

Action of the flexor digitorum longus + flexor hallucis longus

A

Plantarflexion
Inversion

Digitorum - flexes 4 digits
Hallucis - flexes big toe

68
Q

What is the popliteal fossa?

A

A diamond shaped depression on the posterior aspect of the knee

69
Q

Borders of the popliteal fossa

A

Supermedial border - semimembranosus
Superolateral border - bicep femoris
Inferomedial border - medial head of gastrocnemius
Inferolateral border - lateral head of gastrocnemius + Plantaris

70
Q

What makes up the popliteal fossa floor?

A

Popliteal surface of femur
Posterior surface of knee joint capsule
Oblique popliteal ligament
Popliteus muscle

71
Q

What makes up the popliteal fossa roof?

A

Popliteal fascia
Skin

72
Q

What passes through the popliteal fossa?

A
  • Popliteal artery + vein
  • Short saphenous vein
  • Tibial nerve + sural cutaneous branch
  • Common peroneal/fibular nerve + lateral sural cutaneous branch
  • Popliteal lymph nodes
73
Q

Superficial to deep arrangement of popliteal fossa

A

Most superficial
Tibial nerve
Popliteal vein
Popliteal artery
Most deep

Popliteal pulse is hard to palpate because artery is deepest structure

74
Q

List the pulses of the lower limbs

A

Femoral
Popliteal artery
Dorsalis pedis
Posterior tibial

75
Q

What is the hardest pulse to palpate in the lower limb?
What can you do to make it easier to feel?

A

Popliteal artery
Ask patient to flex knee > relaxes the fascia roof

76
Q

Where should you palpate the femoral pulse?

A

As it enters the femoral triangle
Midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis
MIPA - midinguinal point = artery

77
Q

Where should you palpate the popliteal artery pulse?

A

Deep in popliteal fossa
Behind knee

78
Q

Where should you palpate the Dorsalis pedis pulse?

A
  • Dorsum of foot
  • Immediately lateral to extensor hallucis longus tendon
79
Q

Where should you palpate the posterior tibial pulse?

A

In tarsal tunnel
Inferior + posterior to medial malleolus

80
Q

What does the popliteal artery split into in the popliteal fossa?

A

Genicular arteries
Superior medial genicular arteries
Superior lateral genicular arteries
Inferior medial genicular arteries
Inferior lateral genicular arteries

81
Q

Where does the popliteal artery terminate?

A

At the inferior border of the popliteus muscle

82
Q

What does the popliteal artery divide into?

A

Anterior tibial artery
Tiboperoneal trunk

83
Q

What does the tiboperoneal trunk divide into?

A

Posterior tibial artery
Peroneal artery

84
Q

How does the anterior tibial artery get from the posterior leg to the anterior leg?

A

Passes between the tibia and fibula
Through a gap on the interosseous membrane

85
Q

Where does the anterior tibial artery become the Dorsalis pedis artery?

A

As it passes under the extensor reticulum into the dorsum of the foot

86
Q

Which muscle compartment does the anterior tibial artery supply?

A

Anterior compartment

87
Q

Blood supply to lateral leg muscles

A

Peroneal artery

pernoeal - peroneus

88
Q

Where does the peroneal artery terminate?

A

The ankle

89
Q

Blood supply to foot

A

Dorsalis pedis
Posterior tibial artery

90
Q

What does the posterior tibial artery divide into and where?

A
  • Medial + lateral plantar arteries
  • In the sole of foot after passing through the tarsal tunnel
91
Q

What does the peroneal artery supply?

A

Lateral compartment of leg

pernoeal - peroneus

92
Q

Mnemonic for structure behind the medial malleolus

A

Tom, Dick And Very Nervous Harry

93
Q

What does ‘Tom, Dick and very nervous Harry’ stand for?

A

Structures behind medial malleolus
Tibialis posterior tendon
Flexor Digitorum longus tendon
Posterior tibial Artery
Posterior tibial Vein
Tibial Nerve
Flexor Hallucis longus

94
Q

List the structures behind the medial malleolus

A

Tom, Dick And Very Nervous Harry

Tibialis posterior tendon
Flexor Digitorum longus tendon
Posterior tibial Artery
Posterior tibial Vein
Tibial Nerve
Flexor Hallucis longus tendon

95
Q

Where are the veins of the leg located?

A

Beneath the deep fascia of the lower limbs

96
Q

What is the main venous structure of the foot?

A

Dorsal venous arch

97
Q

Venous drainage of the anterior compartment of the leg

A

Venae comitantes of anterior tibial artery
(Anterior tibial vein)

98
Q

Venous drainage of the posterior compartment

A

Plantar venous arch > medial + lateral plantar veins > venae comitantes of posterior tibial artery (posterior tibial vein)

MSK (25 decks)

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