Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MSK > Disorders Of The Elbow > Flashcards

Disorders Of The Elbow Flashcards

1
Q

What can be seen on an x-ray of a radial head fracture?

A

Fat pad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most common paediatric elbow fracture?

A

Supracondylar fracture of distal humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mechanism of supracondylar fracture of distal humerus

A

Fall onto outstretched hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Main complications of supracondylar fracture of distal humerus

A
  • Malunion
  • Damage to median (most common), radial or ulnar nerve
  • Volkmann’s Ischaemic contracture
  • Damage to brachial artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain how supracondylar fracture of distal humerus can casue Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture

A
  • if fracture causes damage to brachial artery, ischaemia of anterior muscles will occur
  • this causes oedema + compartment pressure increase&raquo_space; compartment syndrome
  • due to lack of O2, muscles undergo infarction
  • in repair, muscle tissues are replaced by scar tissue through fibrosis
  • myofibroblasts in fibrosis contracts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What nerve is most commonly damaged in supracondylar fractures of distal humerus?

A

Median nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Assessment of supracondylar fracture of distal humerus

A
  • Examine + document media nerve - ‘ok sign’ or ask to make a fist - last three fingers with flex only
  • Examine and document brachial artery - radial pulse + capillary refill time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the test to determine median nerve damage?

A

Ok sign
If patient cant form ok sign&raquo_space; possible median nerve injury

Ask to make a fist
Can’t flex 2nd + 3rd digits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the tests to determine brachial artery damage?

A

Radial pulse
Capillary refill time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Management of supracondylar fracture of distal humerus

A

1- Closed reduction with percutaneous pinning
2- Hold in position with plaster
- if this doesn’t restore nerve function > surgery

Close - without making a cut
Reduce - put back in position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is reduction of a fracture

A

Putting bone back into position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What group of people is a pulled elbow most common in?

A

2-5 years old
Weak annular ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens in a pulled elbow?

A

Radial head subluxes from annular ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Presentation of a subluxed radial head

A

Pain
Child not using elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mechanism of subluxation of radial head

A

Longitudinal traction with extended arm + forearm pronated

e.g. parent swinging child around by arms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Treatment of subluxation of radial head

A

Reverse the forces - flex elbow
- supinate forearm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why does a pulled elbow happen more commonly in pronation than supinate

A

Annular ligament is relaxed in pronation
Easier for subluxation to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is nursemaid’s elbow?

A

Pulled elbow - subluxation of radial head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mechanism of posterior elbow dislocation

A

Fall onto outstretched arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What dislocation is most common in the elbow?

A

Posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mechanism of anterior elbow dislocation

A

Direct blow to posterior aspect of flexed elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What other injury is often associated with anterior elbow dislocations?

A

Fractures of olecranon
Due to force needed to dislocate joint anteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a complex dislocation?

A

Fracture associated with dislocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a simple dislocation?

A

No associated fractures

25
Q

What presentations raise suspicion for radial head + neck fracture?

A

Lateral elbow pain
Restricted ROM - especially pronation + supination

26
Q

What is elbow osteoarthritis due to?

A

Wear and tear - bones rubbing together
Degenerative disease of articular cartilage

27
Q

X ray features of osteoarthritis

A

**LOSS*
Loss of joint space
Osteophytes
Subcondral sclerosis
Subcondral cysts

28
Q

Presentation of osteoarthritis

A

Pain on activity
Pain eases with rest
Morning pain < 1 hour

29
Q

How does rheumatoid arthritis occur?

A

Systemic inflammatory disease

  • autoantibodies attack synovium
  • synovial cells proliferate to form pannus
  • pannus erodes cartilage + bone > joint deformity
30
Q

X ray feature of rheumatoid arthritis

A

LESS
Loss of joint space
Erosion of bone
Soft tissue swelling
See through bone - osteopenia

31
Q

Presentation of rheumatoid arthritis

A

Morning stiffness > 1 hour
Malaise

32
Q

Speed of onset of rheumatoid arthritis

A

Weeks - months

33
Q

Speed of onset of osteoarthritis

A

Years

34
Q

What is froment’s sign?
What does it test for?

A
  • tests for ulnar nerve palsy
  • ask patient to grasp paper with thumb + index finger and pull paper
  • flexion at IPJ if palsy dye to paralysis of adductor pollicis
35
Q

What is another name for Lateral tendinopathy?

A

Tennis elbow

36
Q

What is another name for medial elbow tendinopathy?

A

Golfer’s elbow

37
Q

Presentation of lateral elbow tendinopathy/Tennis elbow

A

Pain at common extensor origin during extension of wrist

38
Q

What is lateral elbow tendinopathy/Tennis elbow due to?

A

Extensor carpi radialis brevis becomes weakened from overuse > microscopic tears at lateral epicondyle > inflammation + pain

39
Q

Who does lateral elbow tendinopathy/tennis elbow commonly affect?

A

Tennis players
Painters
Plumbers
Carpenters

40
Q

Presentation of medial elbow tendinopathy/golfer’s elbow?

A

aching pain over medial elbow on resisted flexion or pronation

41
Q

Who is medial elbow tendinopathy/golfer’s elbow commonly seen in?

A

Golfing
Throwing sports
Archers
Weight lifters

42
Q

3 causes of elbow swelling

A

Olecranon bursitis
Rheumatoid nodules
Gouty tophi

43
Q

Treatment of elbow tendinopathy

A

Activity modification

44
Q

What is another name for olecranon bursitis?

A

Student’s elbow

45
Q

What is olecranon bursitis/student’s bursitis?

A

Inflammation of olecranon bursa

46
Q

Presentation of olecranon bursitis/student’s elbow?

A

Soft swelling
Cystic > transilluminates

47
Q

Treatment of olecranon bursitis

A
  • compression bandaging +/- aspiration
  • antibitoics if infectious cause
  • hydrocortisone injection - chronic causes
48
Q

Causes of olecranon bursitis

A
  • friction
  • infection of bursa > septic bursitis
49
Q

What is the commonest extra articular manifestation of RA?

A

Rheumatoid nodules

50
Q

Presentation of rheumatoid nodules

A
  • slow onset
  • mobile/non tethered
  • firm
  • doesnt transilluminate
51
Q

Who are rheumatoid nodules more common in?

A

Smokers
Those with more aggressive joint disease

52
Q

Treatment of rheumatoid nodules

A

Improve underlying RA

53
Q

What are gouty tophi?

A

Nodular patchy white masses of monosodium urate crystals deposited in soft tissue - often in fingers, ears + elbows

54
Q

Describe gout

A
  • Inflammatory condition due to hyperuricaemia
  • forms monosodium urate crystals
  • causes innate immune response > acute inflammation
55
Q

What is cubital tunnel syndrome?

A

Compression of ulnar nerve in cubital tunnel - often between 2 heads of FCU

56
Q

Presentation of cubital tunnel syndrome

A
  • sensory lost first - numbness + tingling to medial 1 1/2 digits
  • motor lost later
57
Q

Diagnosis of cubital tunnel syndrome

A

Nerve conduction studies
Forment’s sign

58
Q

Treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome

A

Analgesia
Surgery
Splinting at right 45°

59
Q

Contents of the cubital fossa

A

Really Need Beer To Be At My Nicest
- Radial Nerve
- Biceps Tendon
- Brachial Artery
- Median Nerve

MSK (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions