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Anatomy BLOCK 2 > The Kidneys and Associated Structures > Flashcards

The Kidneys and Associated Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What is the kidney tissue very similar to?

A

retinal tissue

-retinopathy and nephropathy go hand in hand

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2
Q

kidneys overview

A
  • controlling water and electrolyte balance
  • maintaining acid-base balance of the blood
  • waste leaves as urine out of ureters to bladder
  • urine leaves the body in the urethra
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3
Q

Kidney position

A

-lie behind the peritoneum high up on the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the vertebral column

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4
Q

Which kidney sits higher?

A

left because of the left lobe of the liver

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5
Q

do the kidneys move at all?

A

with contraction of the diaphragm during respiration, both kidneys move downward in a vertical direction by as much as 1inch

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6
Q

hilum

A
  • doorway that structures pass in and out of the kidney
  • extends into the renal sinus
  • transmits, from front to back, the renal vein, two branches of the renal artery, the ureter, and the third branch of the renal artery.
  • lymph vessels and sympathetic fibers also pass through here
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7
Q

renal sinus

A

-formed by the invagination

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8
Q

right kidney: anteriorly

A
  • the suprarenal gland
  • liver
  • second part of the duodenum
  • right colic flexure
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9
Q

right kidney: posteriorly

A
  • diaphragm
  • costodiaphragmatic recess of the pleura
  • the 12th rib
  • psoas, quadras lumborum, and transversus abdominus muscles
  • subcostal (T12), iliohypogastric, and iliinguinal nerves (L1) run downward and laterally
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10
Q

Left kidney: anteriorly

A
  • suprarenal gland
  • spleen
  • stomach
  • pancreas tail
  • left colic fixture
  • coils of jejunum
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11
Q

left kidney: posteriorly

A
  • diaphragm
  • costodiaphragmatic recess of the pleura
  • the 11th and 12th ribs
  • psoas, quadras lumborum, and transversus abdominus muscles
  • subcostal (T12), iliohypogastric, and iliinguinal nerves (L1) run downward and laterally
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12
Q

covering of the kidneys

A
  • fibrous capsule
  • perirenal fat
  • renal fascia
  • pararenal fat
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13
Q

fibrous capsule of the kidney

A

-surrounds the kidney and is closely applied to its outer surface

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14
Q

Perirenal fat

A

covers the fibrous capsule

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15
Q

renal fascia

A

condensation of CT that lies outside the perirenal fattened encloses the kidneys and the suprarenal glands. it is continuous laterally with the fascia transversalis

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16
Q

pararenal fat

A

lies external to the renal fascia and i often in large quantity. it forms part of the retroperitoneal fat

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17
Q

renal structure

A
  • light outer cortex
  • dark inner medulla
  • renal pyramids in medulla
  • renal papilla-apex of pyramid
  • renal columns-cortex between the pyramids
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18
Q

Where does the apex of the renal pyramid face?

A

always the hilum
base towards the cortex
-funnels things through the renal papilla

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19
Q

renal sinus

A
  • space within the hilum

- contains the upper expanded end of the ureter (the renal pelvis)

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20
Q

divisions of the renal pelvis

A

Major calyces, each divide into 2 or 3 minor calyces

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21
Q

What does the renal artery divide into at the kidney?

A

segmental arteries

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22
Q

What do the segmental arteries break down into?

A

lobar arteries BEFORE the kidney. one for each pyramid

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23
Q

what do the lobar arteries branch off into?

A

interlobar arteries. run towards the cortex on each side of the renal pyramid

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24
Q

arcuate arteries

A

at the junction of the cortex and the medulla, the interloper arteries give off these. they arch over the bases of the pyramids

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25
Q

interlobular arteries

A

comes off of the arcuate arteries

ascend in the cortex.

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26
Q

afferent glomerular arterioles

A

arise from the branches of the interlobular arteries that come off of the arcuate artery

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27
Q

renal artery

A
  • arises from the aorta at level L2
  • usually divides into 5 segmental arteries that enter the hilum of the kidney, they are distributed to different segments or areas of the kidney
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28
Q

What is the renal cortex comprised of?

A
  • renal corpuscles
  • proximal and distal convoluted tubules
  • cortical collecting tubules
  • blood vessels
29
Q

what is the renal medulla composed of?

A
  • renal pyramids
  • descending limb of the loop of henle
  • ascending limb of the loop of henle
  • cortical collecting tubules
  • collecting ducts
  • papillary ducts
30
Q

direction of urine in the kidneys

A

-papillary ducts drain urine into the minor calyces and then to the major calyces; the major calyces merge into the renal pelvis, which drains urine into the renal ureter

31
Q

podocytes

A
  • form sieve in capillaries to catch any of the nutrients that might need to come back
  • have a long, interdigitating cellular process
  • play an important role in blood filtration
32
Q

What happens in DM neuropathy?

A

the podocytes allow big things like proteins to go through, when they should not

33
Q

What filters into the bowman’s capsule?

A

EVERYTHING from the blood (except blood components)

34
Q

bowmans capsule if toxin cxn is high

A

higher pressure forces the toxins out of blood

35
Q

What are the two main functions of kidneys?

A
  • filter blood

- maintain hydration

36
Q

nephron

A
  • basic functional unit of the kidney

- comprised of a renal corpuscle, a proximal convoluted tubule, a loop of henle, and a distal convoluted tubule

37
Q

renal corpuscle

A

composed of a glomerulus and a bowman capsule

38
Q

glomerulus

A

consists of a spherical knot of capillaries, which is fed by an AFFERENT arteriole and drained by an EFFERENT arteriole at the vascular pole.

39
Q

Bowman capsule

A

-visceral and parietal layer

40
Q

visceral layer of the bowman capsule

A

composed of podocytes, which cover the capillaries of a glomerulus

41
Q

intraglomerular mesangial cells

A

interstitial tissues surrounding the glomerular capillaries contain thises

42
Q

parietal layer of the bowman capsule

A

hollow spherical structure lined by simple squamous epitheliem

43
Q

What is the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the bowman capsule?

A

bowman space

44
Q

glomerulus filtration

A
  • blood flows through glomerular capillaries
  • plasma passes through the glomerular filtration barrier
  • filtration is collected in the bowman space
  • renal corpuscle, as a whole, forms a blood-filtering unit
  • this allows water, metabolic wastes, ions, and small molecules to pass through the capillary wall but prevents circulating cells and large plasma protein from leaving blood
45
Q

proximal convoluted tubules

A
  • long tubes that follow a serpentine course os they drain the filtrate from the renal corpuscles into the loop of henle.
  • each is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with abundant long microvilli (brush border) bordering the lumen
  • each proximal convoluted tubule connects to a renal corpuscle at its urinary pole
46
Q

functions of the proximal convoluted tubules

A

-functions of actively transporting ions and reabsorbing water, glucose, amino acids, proteins, and vitamins from the filtrate

47
Q

What does reabsorption and location to the glomerulus have to do with each other?

A

the farther from the glomerulus, the less that gets absorbed

48
Q

Loop of Henle

A
  • continuation of the proximal convoluted tubule.
  • U shaped
  • descending limb and ascending limb
49
Q

descending loop of henle

A
  • permeable to water, chlorine, and sodium ions

- reabsorb water and salts and reduce the volume of the filtrate that has passed through the proximal convoluted tubules

50
Q

ascending limb of the loop of henle

A
  • impermeable to water

- actively pumps chlorine and sodium ions from the tubes back into the medullary interstitium

51
Q

distal convoluted tubulues

A
  • lined by small, simple cuboidal epithelial cells which have NO BRUSH BORDER
  • macula densa
  • remove Na+ and add K+ to the filtrate if aldosterone stimulation is present
  • also reabsorb bicarbonate ions and secrete ammonium to adjust the pH balance
52
Q

macula densa

A

tightly packed group of cells within the distal convoluted tubule that sense and monitors ionic content nd water volume of the filtrate

53
Q

the collecting system

A

-collecting tubules
-collecting ducts
-papillary ducts
-

54
Q

collecting tubules and ducts and ADH

A
  • have clear cytoplasm and distinct cell-to-cell boundaries
  • these tubules become highly permeable to water under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
  • depending on ADH levels, the tubules passively diffuse a variable volume of water from their lumens into the medullary interstitium, thus increasing the concentration of urine
55
Q

ureters

A
  • 2 of them lie in the exztraperitoneal CT
  • laterally positioned on each side of the vertebral column
  • long, small tubules
  • lined by transitional epithelium
  • surrounded by a thin layer of smooth muscle and CT
56
Q

ureters (drainage)

A
  • superiorly they drain the renal pelvis

- inferiorly they empty into the bladder by penetrating it posterior wall

57
Q

ureters wall

A
  • much thinner than the bladder wall

- composed of mucosa, muscular, and adventitia

58
Q

Urinary bladder

A

3 openings

  • 2 for ureters
  • one for emptying urine into the urethra
59
Q

How do the muscles run in the bladder?

A

in different directions so they can squeeze

60
Q

What does the urinary bladder wall consist of?

A
  • mucosal, muscularis, and advetitia layers

- 3 layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis

61
Q

What are the suprarenal glands surrounded by?

A

renal fascia

62
Q

suprarenal cortex

A

secretes hormones

  • mineral corticoids
  • glucocorticoids
  • small amount of sex hormones
63
Q

mineral corticoids

A
  • secreted by the suprarenal cortex

- concerned with the control of fluid and electrolyte balance

64
Q

glucocorticoids

A
  • secreted by the suprarenal cortex

- concerned with the control of metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

65
Q

sex hormones

A
  • small amount secreted by suprarenal glands

- play a role in the prepubertal development of the sex organs

66
Q

suprarenal medulla

A

secretes catecholamines

  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
67
Q

Arteries supplying the suprarenal glands

A
  • inferior phrenic artery
  • aorta
  • renal artery
68
Q

vein of the suprarenal gland

A
  • one vein
  • emerges from the hilum of each gland and drains into the inferior vena cava on the right and into the renal vain on the left
69
Q

preganglionic sympathetic fibers of the suprarenal glands

A
  • derived from splanchnic nerves supply the glands
  • most of the nerves end in the medulla of the gland
  • white
  • fastest in body
  • synapse INSIDE the structure
  • NO ganglion
  • synapses in the medulla (could say that the medulla is a ganglion)

Anatomy BLOCK 2 (10 decks)

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