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Anatomy BLOCK 2 > Stomach, celiac trunk, liver, gallbladder, spleen > Flashcards

Stomach, celiac trunk, liver, gallbladder, spleen Flashcards

1
Q

How many surfaces of the stomach are there?

A

2

anterior and posterior

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2
Q

How many borders of the stomach are there?

A

2

lesser curvature and greater curvature

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3
Q

angular notch

A

notch in the lesser curvature of the stomach

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4
Q

how many orifices of the stomach?

A

2
cardial and pyloric
(cardial notch and pyloric notch)

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5
Q

What are some basic parts of the stomach?

A
  • cardia
  • fundus (usually just gas)
  • body
  • pyloric part
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6
Q

stomach functions

A
  • storage
  • mixing
  • physical breakdown
  • chemical breakdown
  • controlled release
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7
Q

storage in the stomach

A
  • rugae

- wrinkling of muscular layer of mucosa (muscular mucosae)

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8
Q

mixing in the stomach

A

a semifulid mixture of partly digested food with water and gastric juice to produce a creamy medium called chyme

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9
Q

physical breakdown in the stomach

A

via smooth muscle of the muscularis external and HCL

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10
Q

chemical breakdown in the stomach

A

pepsin

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11
Q

what does pepsin break down?

A

protein

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12
Q

controlled release of stomach

A

movement of chyme into the small intestine is regulate by a valve at the end of the stomach called the pyloric sphincter

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13
Q

The mucosa of the stomach

A

-contains gastric pits that penetrate deep into the layer forming ducts whose walls are lined with various gastric glands

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14
Q

What are the gastric gland cells from superficial to deep?

A
  1. surface mucous cells
  2. mucous neck cells
  3. parietal cells
  4. chief cells
  5. enteroendocrine cells
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15
Q

mucous surface cells

A
  • most superficial gastric gland cell

- secretes mucous to aid in protection from acidic juices

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16
Q

mucous neck cells

A
  • 2nd gastric gland cell
  • line the upper walls (neck) of the ducts
  • secrete mucous
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17
Q

Parietal (oxyntic) cells

A
  • 3rd gastric gland cell

- secrete HCL and intrinsic factor

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18
Q

What does HCl activate?

A

pepsinogen secretion

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19
Q

What does intrinsic factor do?

A

absorption of B12

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20
Q

Chief (zymogenic) cells

A
  • 4th gastric gland cell

- secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

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21
Q

pepsinogen

A

precursor of pepsin

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22
Q

what does gastric lipase do?

A

breakdown fats

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23
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A
  • deepest layer of gastric gland cells
  • secrete various hormones that diffuse into nearby vessels
  • gastrin stimulates other glands of the stomach to increase their output
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24
Q

What does the Aorta name change and at what point?

A

Abdominal Aorta at the aortic hiatus

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25
Q

Where does the abdominal aorta end?

A

ends by dividing into L and R Common Iliac arteries

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26
Q

What are the unpaired branches coming off of the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta

A
  • celiac trunk
  • superior mesenteric artery
  • inferior mesenteric artery
  • median sacral artery
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27
Q

What are the paired branches that come laterally off of the abdominal aorta?

A
  • inferior phrenic arteries
  • middle suprarenal arteries
  • renal arteries
  • gonadal arteries
  • lumbar arteries
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28
Q

Celiac trunk branches

A
  • left gastric artery
  • splenic artery
  • common hepatic artery
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29
Q

Left gastric artery

A
  • smallest branch of celiac trunk
  • supplies esophagus and stomach
  • anastomoses with right gastric artery
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30
Q

Splenic artery

A
  • largest branch of celiac trunk
  • relationship to splenorenal ligament
  • tortuous, top of pancreas
  • supplies pancreas, stomach, greater omentum, and spleen
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31
Q

common hepatic artery

A
  • branch off of celiac trunk
  • splits into 2 branches
    • proper hepatic artery
    • gastroduodenal artery
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32
Q

Proper hepatic artery

A
  • branch from the common hepatic artery, which is branched from the celiac trunk
  • divides into
    • left hepatic artery
    • right hepatic artery
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33
Q

right hepatic artery

A
  • branches from the right hepatic artery

- supplies gallbaldder via the cystic artery

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34
Q

Right Gastric artery

A
  • anastomoses with the left gastric artery

- lesser curvature of the stomach

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35
Q

Gastroduodenal artery

A
  • branches off of the common hepatic artery

- supplies the pancreas, stomach, greater momentum, and duodenum

36
Q

Which veins have partial blood supply to the stomach

A
  • left gastric artery
  • splenic artery
  • right gastric artery
  • gastroduodenal artery
37
Q

What are the surfaces of the liver?

A
  • diaphragmatic (smooth, convex surface)

- visceral (depressions)

38
Q

Inferior border of the liver

A
  • sharp edge

- gall bladder peaks out

39
Q

Porta hepatis/hilum of the liver

A
  • “doorway to liver”

- contains L&R hepatic ducts, branches of proper hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

40
Q

liver lobes

A
  • left
  • right
  • caudate
  • quadrate

Right and left separated by falciform ligament

41
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

superior mesenteric vein + splenic vein

42
Q

What empties into the splenic vein

A

inferior mesenteric vein

43
Q

What are other veins that empty into the hepatic portal vein?

A
  • left gastric vein
  • right gastric vein
  • cystic vein
44
Q

Superior mesenteric vein

A
  • drainage into the hepatic portal vein

- drains blood from the stomach, large intestine, and small intestine

45
Q

Splenic vein

A
  • drainage into the hepatic portal vein

- drains blood from stomach, spleen, and pancreas

46
Q

inferior mesenteric vein

A
  • drainage into the hepatic portal vein

- drains blood from the large intestine and rectum

47
Q

left gastric vein and right gastric vein

A
  • drainage into the hepatic portal vein

- drain blood from stomach

48
Q

cystic vein

A
  • drainage into the hepatic portal vein

- drains blood from gallbladder

49
Q

What all is drained into the hepatic portal vein?

A

just about everything in the abdomen.

  • lower 1/3 of esophagus to the upper anal canal
  • all unpaired organs except liver
50
Q

How does blood enter the liver

A

-enters the inferior surface of the liver through the hepatic portal vein and proper hepatic artery

51
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

-delivers deoxygenated, nutrient rich blood to the liver; contributes 70% of the blood

52
Q

proper hepatic artery

A

delivers oxygenated blood to the liver; contributes 30% of the blood

53
Q

Why doesn’t the blood just go directly into the inferior vena cava instead the hepatic portal vein?

A

because the liver is where detox of blood happens

54
Q

mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the liver

A

the hepatic portal vein and proper hepatic artery divide into smaller and smaller branches until the deoxygenated and oxygenated blood mix in the liver sinusoids

55
Q

sinusoids of the liver

A
  • the blood capillaries within the liver
  • wider than typical capillaries
  • contain Kupffer’s cells (only in liver)
56
Q

Kupffer’s cells

A
  • stellate reticuloendothelial cells
  • phagocytic cells that remove bacteria and other debris from the blood
  • street sweepers
57
Q

What happens after the blood is processed in the sinusoids?

A

the blood flows int hepatic vein which empty into the inferior vena cava

58
Q

Inferior vena cava

A
  • returns venous blood from the lower half of the body to the heart
  • formed by the union of the 2 common iliac veins
  • pierces diaphragm at T8 and almost immediately terminates in the lower part of the RA
59
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

produced by liver as part of its digestive function (and excretion)

60
Q

where is bile stored?

A

gallbaldder

61
Q

What does bile do?

A

emulsifies fat into little droplets

62
Q

what is the pH of bile?

A

alkaline (pH 7.5-8.5)

dilutes HCL

63
Q

what color is bile?

A

yellow, brownish, or olive green liquid

64
Q

What does bile consist of?

A 
bile salts
bile pigments
phospholipids
cholesterol
various ions
65
Q

what is the primary pigment in bile?

A

bilirubin

66
Q

bilirubin

A

-eventually broken down in the intestine, some of the bilirubin is lost in feces, much of the bilirubin is reabsorbed by the small intestine and returned to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

67
Q

jaundice

A

yellowish coloration of the sclera of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes due to a buildup of bilirubin in the body

68
Q

What doe bilirubin do once it is reabsorbed?

A

processed in the liver and eventually excreted into bile

69
Q

What are the 4 jaundice categories?

A
  1. prehepatic jaundice
  2. hepatic jaundice
  3. extrahepatic jaundice
  4. neonatoal (physiological) jaundice
70
Q

prehepatic jaundice

A

due to excess production of bilirubin

71
Q

hepatic jaundice

A

due to congenital liver diseases, cirrhosis of the liver, or hepatitis

72
Q

extrahepatic jaundice

A

due to the blockage of bile drainage by gallstones or cancer of the bow or cancer of the pancreas

73
Q

neonatal (physiological) jaundice

A

due to newborns poorly functioning liver for the first week or so; will disappear as liver matures. early treatment is exposing infant to blue light which converts bilirubin into substances kidneys can excrete

74
Q

What is bile produced by?

A

hepatocytes

75
Q

What forms the common hepatic duct?

A

the left hepatic duct and the right hepatic duct

76
Q

what forms the common bile duct/bile duct?

A

common hepatic duct + cystic duct

77
Q

areas of gallbladder

A
  • fundus
  • body
  • neck
78
Q

Gallbladder layers

A 
Mucosa
-epitheliem
-lamina propria
-muscularis mucosae
Submucoas
Muscularis externa
Serosa
79
Q

surfaces of the spleen

A
  • diaphragmatic (smooth)

- visceral (organs lie here)

80
Q

border of the spleen

A
  • superior

- inferior

81
Q

superior border of the spleen

A

ridges

82
Q

inferior border of the spleen

A

smooth

83
Q

poles/extremeties of the spleen

A

anterior and posterior

84
Q

hilum of the spleen

A

-among various vessels, the splenic artery, and splenic vein run through here

85
Q

splenic artery

A
  • runs through the hilum of the spleen

- supplies blood to the spleen

86
Q

splenic vein

A
  • runs through the hilum of spleen

- joins superior mesenteric vein to form hepatic portal vein

Anatomy BLOCK 2 (10 decks)

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