Stomach, celiac trunk, liver, gallbladder, spleen Flashcards
How many surfaces of the stomach are there?
2
anterior and posterior
How many borders of the stomach are there?
2
lesser curvature and greater curvature
angular notch
notch in the lesser curvature of the stomach
how many orifices of the stomach?
2
cardial and pyloric
(cardial notch and pyloric notch)
What are some basic parts of the stomach?
- cardia
- fundus (usually just gas)
- body
- pyloric part
stomach functions
- storage
- mixing
- physical breakdown
- chemical breakdown
- controlled release
storage in the stomach
- rugae
- wrinkling of muscular layer of mucosa (muscular mucosae)
mixing in the stomach
a semifulid mixture of partly digested food with water and gastric juice to produce a creamy medium called chyme
physical breakdown in the stomach
via smooth muscle of the muscularis external and HCL
chemical breakdown in the stomach
pepsin
what does pepsin break down?
protein
controlled release of stomach
movement of chyme into the small intestine is regulate by a valve at the end of the stomach called the pyloric sphincter
The mucosa of the stomach
-contains gastric pits that penetrate deep into the layer forming ducts whose walls are lined with various gastric glands
What are the gastric gland cells from superficial to deep?
- surface mucous cells
- mucous neck cells
- parietal cells
- chief cells
- enteroendocrine cells
mucous surface cells
- most superficial gastric gland cell
- secretes mucous to aid in protection from acidic juices
mucous neck cells
- 2nd gastric gland cell
- line the upper walls (neck) of the ducts
- secrete mucous
Parietal (oxyntic) cells
- 3rd gastric gland cell
- secrete HCL and intrinsic factor
What does HCl activate?
pepsinogen secretion
What does intrinsic factor do?
absorption of B12
Chief (zymogenic) cells
- 4th gastric gland cell
- secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
pepsinogen
precursor of pepsin
what does gastric lipase do?
breakdown fats
Enteroendocrine cells
- deepest layer of gastric gland cells
- secrete various hormones that diffuse into nearby vessels
- gastrin stimulates other glands of the stomach to increase their output
What does the Aorta name change and at what point?
Abdominal Aorta at the aortic hiatus
Where does the abdominal aorta end?
ends by dividing into L and R Common Iliac arteries
What are the unpaired branches coming off of the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta
- celiac trunk
- superior mesenteric artery
- inferior mesenteric artery
- median sacral artery
What are the paired branches that come laterally off of the abdominal aorta?
- inferior phrenic arteries
- middle suprarenal arteries
- renal arteries
- gonadal arteries
- lumbar arteries
Celiac trunk branches
- left gastric artery
- splenic artery
- common hepatic artery
Left gastric artery
- smallest branch of celiac trunk
- supplies esophagus and stomach
- anastomoses with right gastric artery
Splenic artery
- largest branch of celiac trunk
- relationship to splenorenal ligament
- tortuous, top of pancreas
- supplies pancreas, stomach, greater omentum, and spleen
common hepatic artery
- branch off of celiac trunk
- splits into 2 branches
- proper hepatic artery
- gastroduodenal artery
Proper hepatic artery
- branch from the common hepatic artery, which is branched from the celiac trunk
- divides into
- left hepatic artery
- right hepatic artery
right hepatic artery
- branches from the right hepatic artery
- supplies gallbaldder via the cystic artery
Right Gastric artery
- anastomoses with the left gastric artery
- lesser curvature of the stomach
Gastroduodenal artery
- branches off of the common hepatic artery
- supplies the pancreas, stomach, greater momentum, and duodenum
Which veins have partial blood supply to the stomach
- left gastric artery
- splenic artery
- right gastric artery
- gastroduodenal artery
What are the surfaces of the liver?
- diaphragmatic (smooth, convex surface)
- visceral (depressions)
Inferior border of the liver
- sharp edge
- gall bladder peaks out
Porta hepatis/hilum of the liver
- “doorway to liver”
- contains L&R hepatic ducts, branches of proper hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
liver lobes
- left
- right
- caudate
- quadrate
Right and left separated by falciform ligament
hepatic portal vein
superior mesenteric vein + splenic vein
What empties into the splenic vein
inferior mesenteric vein
What are other veins that empty into the hepatic portal vein?
- left gastric vein
- right gastric vein
- cystic vein
Superior mesenteric vein
- drainage into the hepatic portal vein
- drains blood from the stomach, large intestine, and small intestine
Splenic vein
- drainage into the hepatic portal vein
- drains blood from stomach, spleen, and pancreas
inferior mesenteric vein
- drainage into the hepatic portal vein
- drains blood from the large intestine and rectum
left gastric vein and right gastric vein
- drainage into the hepatic portal vein
- drain blood from stomach
cystic vein
- drainage into the hepatic portal vein
- drains blood from gallbladder
What all is drained into the hepatic portal vein?
just about everything in the abdomen.
- lower 1/3 of esophagus to the upper anal canal
- all unpaired organs except liver
How does blood enter the liver
-enters the inferior surface of the liver through the hepatic portal vein and proper hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
-delivers deoxygenated, nutrient rich blood to the liver; contributes 70% of the blood
proper hepatic artery
delivers oxygenated blood to the liver; contributes 30% of the blood
Why doesn’t the blood just go directly into the inferior vena cava instead the hepatic portal vein?
because the liver is where detox of blood happens
mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the liver
the hepatic portal vein and proper hepatic artery divide into smaller and smaller branches until the deoxygenated and oxygenated blood mix in the liver sinusoids
sinusoids of the liver
- the blood capillaries within the liver
- wider than typical capillaries
- contain Kupffer’s cells (only in liver)
Kupffer’s cells
- stellate reticuloendothelial cells
- phagocytic cells that remove bacteria and other debris from the blood
- street sweepers
What happens after the blood is processed in the sinusoids?
the blood flows int hepatic vein which empty into the inferior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
- returns venous blood from the lower half of the body to the heart
- formed by the union of the 2 common iliac veins
- pierces diaphragm at T8 and almost immediately terminates in the lower part of the RA
Where is bile produced?
produced by liver as part of its digestive function (and excretion)
where is bile stored?
gallbaldder
What does bile do?
emulsifies fat into little droplets
what is the pH of bile?
alkaline (pH 7.5-8.5)
dilutes HCL
what color is bile?
yellow, brownish, or olive green liquid
What does bile consist of?
bile salts bile pigments phospholipids cholesterol various ions
what is the primary pigment in bile?
bilirubin
bilirubin
-eventually broken down in the intestine, some of the bilirubin is lost in feces, much of the bilirubin is reabsorbed by the small intestine and returned to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
jaundice
yellowish coloration of the sclera of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes due to a buildup of bilirubin in the body
What doe bilirubin do once it is reabsorbed?
processed in the liver and eventually excreted into bile
What are the 4 jaundice categories?
- prehepatic jaundice
- hepatic jaundice
- extrahepatic jaundice
- neonatoal (physiological) jaundice
prehepatic jaundice
due to excess production of bilirubin
hepatic jaundice
due to congenital liver diseases, cirrhosis of the liver, or hepatitis
extrahepatic jaundice
due to the blockage of bile drainage by gallstones or cancer of the bow or cancer of the pancreas
neonatal (physiological) jaundice
due to newborns poorly functioning liver for the first week or so; will disappear as liver matures. early treatment is exposing infant to blue light which converts bilirubin into substances kidneys can excrete
What is bile produced by?
hepatocytes
What forms the common hepatic duct?
the left hepatic duct and the right hepatic duct
what forms the common bile duct/bile duct?
common hepatic duct + cystic duct
areas of gallbladder
- fundus
- body
- neck
Gallbladder layers
Mucosa -epitheliem -lamina propria -muscularis mucosae Submucoas Muscularis externa Serosa
surfaces of the spleen
- diaphragmatic (smooth)
- visceral (organs lie here)
border of the spleen
- superior
- inferior
superior border of the spleen
ridges
inferior border of the spleen
smooth
poles/extremeties of the spleen
anterior and posterior
hilum of the spleen
-among various vessels, the splenic artery, and splenic vein run through here
splenic artery
- runs through the hilum of the spleen
- supplies blood to the spleen
splenic vein
- runs through the hilum of spleen
- joins superior mesenteric vein to form hepatic portal vein
