Abdomen organs and peritoneum Flashcards
Liver location
- upper part of abdominal cavity, immediately inferior to diaphragm
- RUQ and LUQ
- divided into 2 unequal lobes by falciform ligaments
functions of liver
- produce bile
- detox harmful substances, such as alcohol, ammonia, and drugs
- phagocytizes bacteria and used as RBC and WBC
- stores vitamins, iron, glucose (glycogen)
- synthesizes proteins and amino acids
what organ synthesizes proteins and AA?
liver
esophagus location
- LUQ T10
- pierces diaphragm slightly to left of the midline at the esophageal hiatus
- becomes continues with stomach at the cardiac orifice
- located to posterior left liver lobe
esophagus function
transport food, liquids, and saliva from the mouth to stomach. peristalsis
Gallbladder
-3-4” long pear shaped sac hanging or tucked into a depression along the anterioinferior margin of the liver’s right lobe
function of gallbladder
store bile
Layers/tunics of the GI tract from deepest to most superficial
- mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae)
- submucosa
- muscularis externa
- serosa
mucosa
- deepest layer of GI tract layer
- mucous membrane lining the inside of the GI tract from mouth to anus
Epithelium of mucosa
- GI tract deep layer
- depending on location, it serves a protective function or in secretion and absorption
lamina propr. of mucosa
- GI tract deep layer
- provides epithelium with a blood and lymph supply
- contains mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
MALT
- mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
- noduels of lymphatic tissue containing lymphocytes and macrophages that protect the GI tract wall from bacteria and other pathogens that may be mixed with food.
- prevalent all along the GI tract, especially in the tonsils, small intestines, appendix, and large instestine
Muscularis mucosae
- GI tract deep layer
- thin layer of smooth muscle responsible for local expansion
What is responsible for local expansion in the GI tract?
muscularis mucosae
submucosa
- 2nd deepest layer of GI tract
- highly vascular and contains a portion of the submucosal nerve plexus(Meissner’s plexus)
Meissner’s plexus
part of the autonomic nerve supply that innervates the mucosa and submucosa
-vasoconstriction, secretory cells innervation for buffers and enzymes
muscularis externa
- consists of smooth muscle responsible for peristalsis (other than mouth and pharynx)
- contains major nerve supply for GI tract
Myenteric/Auerbach’s Plexus
- the major nerve supply to the GI tract
- controls GI tract motility (the frequency and strength of the smooth muscle contractions)
serous membrane
covering the external surfaces of most digestive organs and is continuous with the serous membrane lining of the abdominopelvic cavity
stomach
- LUQ, some RUQ
- J-shaped sac-like dilation of the GI tract between the esophagus and small intestine
- functions to store, mix, and break down food
- can hold 2-4 liters of food/liquid
small intestine
- 1’-1.5’ diamter and 20’ long
- extends from pyloric sphincter of stomach to ileocecal junction of the large intestine
Duodenum
- RUQ
- smallest part of small intestine
- C-shaped 10’ long tube that surrounds head of pancreas
- begins at pyloric sphincter and terminates at duodenojejunal junction
- 4 parts: superior (1st), descending (2nd), horizontal/transverse (3rd), and ascending (4th)
Jejunum
- begins at the duodenojejunal junction
- proximal 2/5 which is 8’ long (shortest)
Ileum
- ends at the ileocecal junction
- distal 3/5 of small intestine which is 12’ long
small intestine functions
- mechanical digestion: bile separates fat into smaller fat globules
- chemical digestion-complete digestion of carbs, proteins, fats, and nucleic acid
- absorption-90% of nutrient absorption occurs in this part of the GI tract
Large intestine
-Frames the jejunum and ileum on 3 sides and extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus
-the 5’ length is divided
Cecum
appendix
colon
rectum
anal canal
anus
cecum
- large intestine
- blind pouch at the beginning of large intestine just below the ileocecal junction
blind pouch
- cecum of large intestine
- allows stuff in, but not back out the same way
appendix
-3’ long skinny earthworm looking attachment to the cecum, lined with lymphatic noodles serving immunity functions MALT
Colon
ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid
rectum
last 8’ of the large intestine beginning at the level of S3. No Hostra
anal canal
last 1-1.5’ of the rectum, opens to the exterior of the body of anus
ascending colon
extends superiorly from the ileocecal junction to the right colic/hepatic fixture
transverse colon
extends from right colic/hpatic flexure to the left colic/splenic flexure
descending colon
extends from the left colic/splenic flexure to the left iliac fossa
sigmoid colon
beings in left iliac fossa, terminates at level of S3
Large intestine functions
- mechanical digestion: rhythmic contractions of the large intestine. hostile contractions, mass contractions 3-4x a day
- chemical digestion: occurs as a result of bacteria that live in the large intestine. fermentation gives off gas
- absorption: vit K and some B, some electrolytes, and most remaining water are absorbed by large intestine
- defacation
Pancreas
- LUQ, RUQ
- stretches across the posterior abdominal wall from duodenum to the spleen
- head, neck, body, tail
- exocrine: produce digestive enzymes
- endocrine: produce hormones to raise and lower blood glucose levels
Spleen location
- LUQ
- largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body
- between stomach and diaphragm on the left side of the body
Spleen functions
- production of antibodies
- phagocytosis of bacteria and worn out or damaged RBC and platelets
- reservoir for blod platelets
- protected by ribs
Spleen function in fetus
hemopoiesis-formation of formed elements of the blood
kidneys
- all 4 quadrants
- 4-5’ in length, 2-3’ in width, and 1’ thick
- between the level of the T12 and L3 vertebral column
- partially protected by the 11th and 12th rib pairs
- retroperitoneal: positioned between the peritoneum and posterior wall of the abdomen
- each give rise to ureter
function of kidneys
- produce hormones
- absorb minerals
- filter blood
- produce urine
what organ is retroperitoneal
kidney
adrenal glands/suprarenal glands
- paired, one is located on the superior pole of each kidney
- capsule of CT, adrenal cortex, and innermost medulla
- cortex secretes steroid hormones (DHEA)
- medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
peritoneum
- serous membrane lining abdominal and pelvic cavity walls, and covers surface of abdominal and pelvic organs
- will form ligaments and folds
- serous fluid inside (bathes organs for frictionless environment)
Visceral layer of peritoneum
covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs and is continuos with the parietal peritoneum that lines the body wall
parietal peritoneum
membrane lining the abdonminopelvic cavity
peritoneal cavity
potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneal layers
retroperitoneal organs
S-suprarenal glands
A-abdonimal aorta and IVC
D-duodenum (2-4 parts)
P-Pancreas (except tail) U-ureters C-Colon (ascending and descending) K-Kidneys E-esophagus (lower 2/3) R-Rectum
Ligaments of the peritoneum
- pass between 2 organs or between organs and the abdominal wall
- function to hold organs in pace and to transmit neuromuscular structures to and from the organs
Falciform Ligament
peritoneal fold connecting liver to the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall.
Contains: round ligament of the liver
Gastrosplenic ligament
peritoneal fold connecting spleen to stomach.
Contains: short gastric vessels and left gastroepiploic vessels
Lesser Omentum
- peritoneal fold connecting the stomach and 1st part of the duodenum to liver
- 2 parts
- hepatogastric ligament (thin)
- hepatoduodenal ligament (very structurally sound)
Greater Omentum
- hangs down from the stomach in front of loops of jejunum and ileum
- apron
- policeman (surrounds tumors and surgical sites to try and wall it off)
- consists of 4 peritoneal layers
Mesentary
- largest
- peritoneal fold suspending the jejunum and ileum from the posterior abdominal wall
- transmits neurovascular structures, notably the superior mesenteric vessels and intestinal vessels
Medial umbillical fold
2
-raised by obliterated umbilical artery (nonfunctioning)
Lateral umbilical fold
2
-raised by inferior epigastric vessels (functioning)
Median umbilical fold
1
- raised by median umbilical ligament from urachus
- is urachus is patent, urine will come out from umbilicus
Pain originating from parietal peritoneum
- severe
- well localized because of dermatomes
Nerves involved in parietal peritoneum
- Phrenic
- lower 5 intercostals
- subcostal
- iliohypogastric
- ilioinguinal
Parietal peritoneum pain with the phrenic nerve
innervates peritoneum of underside of the diaphragm, but you will feel pain in C3, 4, 5 near shoulder
pain originating from the visceral peritoneum
- dull
- poorly localized
Nerves involved with visceral peritoneum
visceral afferent sensory fibers traveling with autonomic nerves that supply organs or travel in the mesenteries
