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Anatomy BLOCK 2 > Abdomen organs and peritoneum > Flashcards

Abdomen organs and peritoneum Flashcards

1
Q

Liver location

A
  • upper part of abdominal cavity, immediately inferior to diaphragm
  • RUQ and LUQ
  • divided into 2 unequal lobes by falciform ligaments
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2
Q

functions of liver

A
  • produce bile
  • detox harmful substances, such as alcohol, ammonia, and drugs
  • phagocytizes bacteria and used as RBC and WBC
  • stores vitamins, iron, glucose (glycogen)
  • synthesizes proteins and amino acids
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3
Q

what organ synthesizes proteins and AA?

A

liver

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4
Q

esophagus location

A
  • LUQ T10
  • pierces diaphragm slightly to left of the midline at the esophageal hiatus
  • becomes continues with stomach at the cardiac orifice
  • located to posterior left liver lobe
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5
Q

esophagus function

A

transport food, liquids, and saliva from the mouth to stomach. peristalsis

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6
Q

Gallbladder

A

-3-4” long pear shaped sac hanging or tucked into a depression along the anterioinferior margin of the liver’s right lobe

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7
Q

function of gallbladder

A

store bile

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8
Q

Layers/tunics of the GI tract from deepest to most superficial

A
  1. mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae)
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. serosa
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9
Q

mucosa

A
  • deepest layer of GI tract layer

- mucous membrane lining the inside of the GI tract from mouth to anus

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10
Q

Epithelium of mucosa

A
  • GI tract deep layer

- depending on location, it serves a protective function or in secretion and absorption

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11
Q

lamina propr. of mucosa

A
  • GI tract deep layer
  • provides epithelium with a blood and lymph supply
  • contains mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
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12
Q

MALT

A
  • mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
  • noduels of lymphatic tissue containing lymphocytes and macrophages that protect the GI tract wall from bacteria and other pathogens that may be mixed with food.
  • prevalent all along the GI tract, especially in the tonsils, small intestines, appendix, and large instestine
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13
Q

Muscularis mucosae

A
  • GI tract deep layer

- thin layer of smooth muscle responsible for local expansion

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14
Q

What is responsible for local expansion in the GI tract?

A

muscularis mucosae

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15
Q

submucosa

A
  • 2nd deepest layer of GI tract

- highly vascular and contains a portion of the submucosal nerve plexus(Meissner’s plexus)

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16
Q

Meissner’s plexus

A

part of the autonomic nerve supply that innervates the mucosa and submucosa
-vasoconstriction, secretory cells innervation for buffers and enzymes

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17
Q

muscularis externa

A
  • consists of smooth muscle responsible for peristalsis (other than mouth and pharynx)
  • contains major nerve supply for GI tract
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18
Q

Myenteric/Auerbach’s Plexus

A
  • the major nerve supply to the GI tract

- controls GI tract motility (the frequency and strength of the smooth muscle contractions)

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19
Q

serous membrane

A

covering the external surfaces of most digestive organs and is continuous with the serous membrane lining of the abdominopelvic cavity

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20
Q

stomach

A
  • LUQ, some RUQ
  • J-shaped sac-like dilation of the GI tract between the esophagus and small intestine
  • functions to store, mix, and break down food
  • can hold 2-4 liters of food/liquid
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21
Q

small intestine

A
  • 1’-1.5’ diamter and 20’ long

- extends from pyloric sphincter of stomach to ileocecal junction of the large intestine

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22
Q

Duodenum

A
  • RUQ
  • smallest part of small intestine
  • C-shaped 10’ long tube that surrounds head of pancreas
  • begins at pyloric sphincter and terminates at duodenojejunal junction
  • 4 parts: superior (1st), descending (2nd), horizontal/transverse (3rd), and ascending (4th)
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23
Q

Jejunum

A
  • begins at the duodenojejunal junction

- proximal 2/5 which is 8’ long (shortest)

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24
Q

Ileum

A
  • ends at the ileocecal junction

- distal 3/5 of small intestine which is 12’ long

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25
Q

small intestine functions

A
  • mechanical digestion: bile separates fat into smaller fat globules
  • chemical digestion-complete digestion of carbs, proteins, fats, and nucleic acid
  • absorption-90% of nutrient absorption occurs in this part of the GI tract
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26
Q

Large intestine

A

-Frames the jejunum and ileum on 3 sides and extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus
-the 5’ length is divided
Cecum
appendix
colon
rectum
anal canal
anus

27
Q

cecum

A
  • large intestine

- blind pouch at the beginning of large intestine just below the ileocecal junction

28
Q

blind pouch

A
  • cecum of large intestine

- allows stuff in, but not back out the same way

29
Q

appendix

A

-3’ long skinny earthworm looking attachment to the cecum, lined with lymphatic noodles serving immunity functions MALT

30
Q

Colon

A

ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid

31
Q

rectum

A

last 8’ of the large intestine beginning at the level of S3. No Hostra

32
Q

anal canal

A

last 1-1.5’ of the rectum, opens to the exterior of the body of anus

33
Q

ascending colon

A

extends superiorly from the ileocecal junction to the right colic/hepatic fixture

34
Q

transverse colon

A

extends from right colic/hpatic flexure to the left colic/splenic flexure

35
Q

descending colon

A

extends from the left colic/splenic flexure to the left iliac fossa

36
Q

sigmoid colon

A

beings in left iliac fossa, terminates at level of S3

37
Q

Large intestine functions

A
  • mechanical digestion: rhythmic contractions of the large intestine. hostile contractions, mass contractions 3-4x a day
  • chemical digestion: occurs as a result of bacteria that live in the large intestine. fermentation gives off gas
  • absorption: vit K and some B, some electrolytes, and most remaining water are absorbed by large intestine
  • defacation
38
Q

Pancreas

A
  • LUQ, RUQ
  • stretches across the posterior abdominal wall from duodenum to the spleen
  • head, neck, body, tail
  • exocrine: produce digestive enzymes
  • endocrine: produce hormones to raise and lower blood glucose levels
39
Q

Spleen location

A
  • LUQ
  • largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body
  • between stomach and diaphragm on the left side of the body
40
Q

Spleen functions

A
  • production of antibodies
  • phagocytosis of bacteria and worn out or damaged RBC and platelets
  • reservoir for blod platelets
  • protected by ribs
41
Q

Spleen function in fetus

A

hemopoiesis-formation of formed elements of the blood

42
Q

kidneys

A
  • all 4 quadrants
  • 4-5’ in length, 2-3’ in width, and 1’ thick
  • between the level of the T12 and L3 vertebral column
  • partially protected by the 11th and 12th rib pairs
  • retroperitoneal: positioned between the peritoneum and posterior wall of the abdomen
  • each give rise to ureter
43
Q

function of kidneys

A
  • produce hormones
  • absorb minerals
  • filter blood
  • produce urine
44
Q

what organ is retroperitoneal

A

kidney

45
Q

adrenal glands/suprarenal glands

A
  • paired, one is located on the superior pole of each kidney
  • capsule of CT, adrenal cortex, and innermost medulla
  • cortex secretes steroid hormones (DHEA)
  • medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
46
Q

peritoneum

A
  • serous membrane lining abdominal and pelvic cavity walls, and covers surface of abdominal and pelvic organs
  • will form ligaments and folds
  • serous fluid inside (bathes organs for frictionless environment)
47
Q

Visceral layer of peritoneum

A

covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs and is continuos with the parietal peritoneum that lines the body wall

48
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

membrane lining the abdonminopelvic cavity

49
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneal layers

50
Q

retroperitoneal organs

A

S-suprarenal glands
A-abdonimal aorta and IVC
D-duodenum (2-4 parts)

P-Pancreas (except tail)
U-ureters
C-Colon (ascending and descending)
K-Kidneys
E-esophagus (lower 2/3)
R-Rectum
51
Q

Ligaments of the peritoneum

A
  • pass between 2 organs or between organs and the abdominal wall
  • function to hold organs in pace and to transmit neuromuscular structures to and from the organs
52
Q

Falciform Ligament

A

peritoneal fold connecting liver to the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall.
Contains: round ligament of the liver

53
Q

Gastrosplenic ligament

A

peritoneal fold connecting spleen to stomach.

Contains: short gastric vessels and left gastroepiploic vessels

54
Q

Lesser Omentum

A
  • peritoneal fold connecting the stomach and 1st part of the duodenum to liver
  • 2 parts
    • hepatogastric ligament (thin)
    • hepatoduodenal ligament (very structurally sound)
55
Q

Greater Omentum

A
  • hangs down from the stomach in front of loops of jejunum and ileum
  • apron
  • policeman (surrounds tumors and surgical sites to try and wall it off)
  • consists of 4 peritoneal layers
56
Q

Mesentary

A
  • largest
  • peritoneal fold suspending the jejunum and ileum from the posterior abdominal wall
  • transmits neurovascular structures, notably the superior mesenteric vessels and intestinal vessels
57
Q

Medial umbillical fold

A

2

-raised by obliterated umbilical artery (nonfunctioning)

58
Q

Lateral umbilical fold

A

2

-raised by inferior epigastric vessels (functioning)

59
Q

Median umbilical fold

A

1

  • raised by median umbilical ligament from urachus
  • is urachus is patent, urine will come out from umbilicus
60
Q

Pain originating from parietal peritoneum

A
  • severe

- well localized because of dermatomes

61
Q

Nerves involved in parietal peritoneum

A
  • Phrenic
  • lower 5 intercostals
  • subcostal
  • iliohypogastric
  • ilioinguinal
62
Q

Parietal peritoneum pain with the phrenic nerve

A

innervates peritoneum of underside of the diaphragm, but you will feel pain in C3, 4, 5 near shoulder

63
Q

pain originating from the visceral peritoneum

A
  • dull

- poorly localized

64
Q

Nerves involved with visceral peritoneum

A

visceral afferent sensory fibers traveling with autonomic nerves that supply organs or travel in the mesenteries

Anatomy BLOCK 2 (10 decks)

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