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Gastrointestinal System > the intestines > Flashcards

the intestines Flashcards

1
Q

What is chyme like in the intestines?

A

Isotonic
Neutral
Digestion nearly complete

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2
Q

What is the role of the intestines?

A

Absorb nutrients

Absorb water/electrolytes

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3
Q

What is absorption in the intestines?

A

Movement of electrolytes, water and nutrients from the gut lumen into the blood

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4
Q

What is needed for maximum absorption?

A

Large surface area, slow movement of content

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5
Q

How often is mucosa shed?

A

3-6days

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6
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Chains of sugars e.g. polysaccharides, disaccharides and monosaccharides

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7
Q

What do you need to do to carbohydrates to be absorbed?

A

Break them down into monosaccharides

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8
Q

Where does final breakdown of carbohydrates occur?

A

Brush border

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9
Q

What does glucose need to enter?

A

Na+

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10
Q

What are the end products of carbohydrate digestion?

A

Fructose
Galactose
Glucose

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11
Q

What does maltose break?

A

alpha 1-4 bonds

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12
Q

What does isomaltase break?

A

alpha 1-6 bonds

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13
Q

What does starch break down into?

A

Glucose, Maltose (two glucose) and alpha dextrin (glucose)

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14
Q

What is lactose broken down into?

A

Glucose and galactose

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15
Q

What is sucrose broken down into?

A

Glucose and fructose

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16
Q

How is glucose and galactose absorbed?

A

SGLT 1 with Na into enterocyte

then GLUT 2 into blood

17
Q

How is fructose absorbed?

A

GLUT 5 into enterocyte

then GLUT 2 into blood

18
Q

Why does water follow glucose?

A

Glucose uptake stimulates Na uptake which helps move water due to osmotic gradient- oral rehydration

19
Q

What types of proteins are absorbed?

A

Amino acids
Dipeptides
Tripeptides

20
Q

What does pepsinogen released from chief cells get converted into and how?

A

Pepsin by HCl

21
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

Acts on protein

and move to small intestine

22
Q

What does the pancreas release proteases as?

A

Zymogens

23
Q

why is trysinogen important?

A

Converted to trypsin by enteropeptidase which then activated other proteases (chymotrysinogen to chymotrypsin)

24
Q

What do exopeptidases do?

A

break bonds at ends of polypeptides to produce dipeptised or individual amino acids (carboxypeptidase)

25
Q

What do endopeptidases do?

A

breaks bonds in the middle of polypeptide to produce shorter polypeptides (trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase)

26
Q

How are amino acids transported into the cell?

A

Na amino acid co-transporter

27
Q

How are most protein products ingested?

A

Dipeptides and tripeptides

28
Q

How are dipeptides and tripeptised moved?

A

H+ co-transporter

29
Q

What is a PepT 1?

A

peptides transporter 1

30
Q

What is the movement of water like?

A

Na moved by active transport out of the cell on basolateral membrane
Na diffuses into epithelial cells
Water follows due to osmotic gradient

31
Q

How is Na moved in small intestine across apical membrane?

A

Na is cotransported

32
Q

How is Na moved across large intestine?

A

Na channels induced by aldosterone

33
Q

How is calcium absorbed when intake is low?

A

if intake is low then active transellular absorption occurs
Ca ATPase removed Ca from basolateral membrane and
Vitamin D needed (calbindin)

34
Q

How is calcium absorbed when intake is high?

A

Passive paracellular absorption

35
Q

How is iron absorbed?

A

In haem/fe2+
Gastric acid is important in the process
Absorbed across the apical membrane with H+

36
Q

How is iron absorbed when iron is low?

A

Binds to transferrin

37
Q

How is iron absorbed when elves are high?

A

contained in ferritin complexes and trapped in cells

lost when enterocyte is replaced

38
Q

How are water soluble vitamins absorbed?

C,B

A

Co-transport of Na

39
Q

How is b12 absorbed?

A

terminal ileum bound to intrinsic factor (secreted by gastric parietal cells

Gastrointestinal System (16 decks)

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