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Gastrointestinal System > Setting the scene- Anatomy > Flashcards

Setting the scene- Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 layers of the gut tube?

A

Muscosa

Submycosa

External muscle layers

Serosa

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2
Q

What is mucosa made of?

A

Epothelium

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3
Q

What does the Mucosa do?

A

Selectively permeable barrier

Facilitate transport and digestion of food

Produce absorption

Produce hormones

Produce mucus

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4
Q

What does the lamina propria do?

A

Produce lots of lymphoid nodules and macrophages

Produces antibodies e.g. IgA to protect against bacteria and viral invasion

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5
Q

What is muscularis mucosae?

A

Layers of smooth muscle oriented in different directions

keeps epithelium in contact with gut contents

helps keep crypy contents dynamic

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6
Q

What does the submucosa contain?

A

Dense connective tissue, blood vessels, glands, lymphoid tissues

Submucosal plexus (Meissners)

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7
Q

What does the inner circle muscle contain?

A

Myesnteric plexus

outerlongitudinal muscle

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8
Q

What is within the serosa??

A

Blood, lymph vessels and lympohid tissue

continuous messeteries

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9
Q

Where is there stratified squamous epithelia?

A

Oesphagus and distal anus

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10
Q

Apart from the oesphagus and anus, what is the epithelia in the rest of the gut?

A

simple columnar

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11
Q

What is an enterocyte?

A

Simple columnar cell that absorbs

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12
Q

Where are enterocytes?

A

small intestine and colon- 1 cell thick

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13
Q

What do enterocytes have to transport nutrients through?

A

Apical membrane

basolateral membrane

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14
Q

What are special features of enterocytes?

A

Microvilli

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15
Q

Where are goblet cells?

A

Scattered between enterocytes

increasing in number from duodenum to colon

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16
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

produce mucus

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17
Q

What does mucus protect epithelia from?

A

Friction

Chemical damage

Bacterial inflammation

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18
Q

What are gastric surface mucous cells?

A

Line the gastric mucosa

Secrete mucus that froms barrier to stomach acid

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19
Q

What creates a large surface area in the gut tube?

A

Permanent folds

villi

microvilli

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20
Q

What are rugae?

A

temporary folds in the stomach

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21
Q

Where are villi?

A

Small intestine

Not in colon

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22
Q

Where are crypts?

A

In small and large intestine

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23
Q

What do crypts contain?

A

Stem cells

Paneth cells

Eneroendocrine cells

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24
Q

Why are there stem cells in the crypts?

A

Constantly divide to replace epithelia

25
Q

What are peneth cells?

A

secrete antibacterial proteins to protect stem cells

26
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells do?

A

Secrete hormones that control the function of the gut

27
Q

What horomes do enteroendocrine cells release in the crypts?

A

Gastrin

cholecytokinin

secretin

28
Q

What problems can occur with the crypts?

A

Inflammatory bowel disease- crypts alteration, cryptitis, crypt abcess

29
Q
A
30
Q

What exocrine glandular tissue is in the gut?

A

Organised secretory cells- acini, tubules

e.g. salviary gland, pancreas and brunners glands

31
Q

What do acini tend to secrete?

A

Serous secretion

and enzymes

32
Q

What do tubules secrete?

A

mucous

33
Q

What can salivary glands secrete?

A

Serous and mucous

34
Q

What can cause ulceration?

A

Erosion of musculararis mucosae

Failure of protective mechanism e.g. mucus production

35
Q

What is coeliac disease?

A

inability to tolerate gliandin

damages mucosa so poor digestion and malabsorption

36
Q

What are the 3 anterolateral muscles?

A

External oblique

Internal oblique

Transverse abdominis

37
Q

What are the layers of the abdominal wall?

A

Skin

Fascia

fat

external oblique

internal oblique

transverse abdominis

rectus abdominis

transversalis fascia

peritoneum

38
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

thin sheet like tendon

39
Q

What does the aponeurosis of the lateral muscles surround?

A

Rectus abdominis

40
Q

What is the arcuate line?

A

Lower limit of the posterior layer of the rectus sheath

inferior epigastric vells pierce rectus abdominus

Half way between umbilicus and pubic crest

41
Q

What is mesentery?

A

A double fold of peritoneum that attaces certain viscera to the posterior abdominal wall

42
Q

What has a mesentery?

A

Jejenum

ilieum

appendix

transverse colon, sigmoid colon

rectum

43
Q

What does mesenterycontain?

A

Blood vessels

lymph vessels

nerves

fat

44
Q

What is a peritoneal ligament?

A

A double fold of peritoneum that connects two viscera together

or viscera to abdominal wall

45
Q

What are 4 examples of peritoneal ligaments?

A

Gastrocolic ligament- stomach to transverse colon

Gastrosplenic ligament- stomach to spleen

Falciform ligament- liver to abdominal wall

Triangular ligament- liver to diaphragm

46
Q

What is an omenta?

A

Double fold of peritoneum

47
Q

Where is the greater omenta?

A

hangs down off the greater curve of the stomach

48
Q

Where is the lesser omenta?

A

connects lesser curve of stomach to liver

49
Q

What is a spincters purpose?

A

Divide into sections

control movement along the tube

prevent reflux of material

50
Q

Where are there sphincters?

A

Upper oesophageal

Lower oesophageal

pyloric sphincter

ileo-caecal

anal internal and external

51
Q

Which spincter is voluntary?

A

external anal

52
Q

What is this?

A

Mesentery

53
Q

What is this?

A

Omenta

54
Q

What is the blood supply for the foregut?

A

Coeliac trunk

55
Q

What is the blood supply for the mid gut?

A

SMA

56
Q

What is the blood supply for the hind gut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

57
Q

Where does venous drainage go to from the gut?

A

Liver via the portal vein

58
Q

What is a portal system?

A

‘a vascular arrangement in which blood from the capillaries of one organ is transported to the capillaries of another organ by a connecting vein
or veins’

59
Q

What does the blood supply for the gut come from?

A

Abdominal aorta

Gastrointestinal System (16 decks)

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