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Gastrointestinal System > Setting The Scene- Physiology > Flashcards

Setting The Scene- Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How is the gut controlled?

A

Autonomic nervous system
Enteric nervous system
Hormones

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2
Q

What nerves do the sympathetic system form in the gut?

A

Presynaptic splanchnic nerves

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3
Q

What region is the greater splanchnic?

A

T5-9

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4
Q

What region is the lesser splanchnic nerve?

A

T10-11

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5
Q

What region is the least splanchnic nerve?

A

T12

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6
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do to the gut?

A

Shut down the gut

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7
Q

What is the main parasympathetic nerve in the gut?

A

Vagus nerve

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8
Q

As the gut turns what happens to the left vagus nerve?

A

Becomes anterior

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9
Q

What do parasympathetic post ganglionic fibres release?

A

Ach

Peptides- gastrin releasing peptide and Vaso inhibitory peptide

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10
Q

Where does the enteric nervous system operate?

A

Oesophagus to anus

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11
Q

What are the two plexuses of the enteric nervous system?

A

Submucosal and myenteric

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12
Q

What does the submucosal plexus do?

A

Controls epithelium

Secretion and blood flow

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13
Q

What is the myenteric plexus?

A

Between circular and longitudinal muscle and controls muscle
Motility

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14
Q

What cells produce hormones that help control the gut?

A

Enteroendocrine

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15
Q

What do enterochromafin produce?

A

Produce paracrine hormones e.g. Histamine

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16
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

Inhibits G cells and histamine release

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17
Q

What is neurocrine?

A

Peptides released by neurones in the GI tract after action potential

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18
Q

What does gastrin releasing peptide do?

A

Increases release of gastrin from G cells

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19
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

Increases gastric acid secretion

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20
Q

What does cholecystokinin do?

A

Increase pancreatic and gall bladder secretion

Relaxes oddi sphincter

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21
Q

What does Secretin and gastric acid inhibitor do?

A

Decreases gastric acid secretion

22
Q

If you have appendicitis why would you feel unlocalised pain over the stomach?

A

Stretching force of the visceral peritoneum does not have its own blood supply so if inflammed with go through the splanchnic nerves of the small intestine and larger intestine- lesser splanchnic nerve so T10 dermatome will be in pain

23
Q

With appendicitis when will pain be localised?

A

When the appendix enlarges it will come in contact with the parietal peritoneum which has a more localised blood supply

24
Q

Where would gallstones have pain?

A

Right upper quadrant and right shoulder tip

25
Q

Where would pancreatitis hurt?

A

Back pain

26
Q

Where would the oesophagus hurt?

A

Retrosternal pain

27
Q

What is motility of the GI tract used for?

A

Moving things along
Mix content
Grind content

28
Q

Everywhere is smooth muscle except for?

A

Pharynx
Upper oesophagus
External anal sphincter
Simple columnar

29
Q

What is periodic contraction?

A

Propulsion and mixing

30
Q

What is tonic contraction?

A

Constant contraction

31
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Propel contents in one direction
contraction proximal
Relaxation distal

32
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Contraction splits content then relaxes so the to and fro movement mixes

33
Q

What is mass movement?

A

Distal colon, rapid movement of contents into rectum causing gastrocolic reflex

34
Q

Does the sympathetic nervous system reduce motility?

A

Yes

35
Q

What is paralytic ileus?

A

Loss of GI contractility

36
Q

What is achalasia?

A

Failure of LOS to relax

Dysphagia

37
Q

What is hirchspriung disease?

A

Lack of enteric plexuses

Functional obstruction

38
Q

What is stomach acid used for?

A

Innate barrier to infection
Prepares protein for digestion
Activates enzymes

39
Q

What does HCO3 used for?

A

Neutralise the acid in GI tract

40
Q

Where are waste products secreted?

A

Mainly in the liver

41
Q

What are emulsifiers?

A

Bile salts
Increases surface area of lipids
Aids digestion and lipases
Allows lipid break down products to be transported in the gut

42
Q

What does mucus do?

A

Protects against acidic environments e.g. Stomach
Protects against bacteria in small intestine
Harbours bacteria in large intestine
Lubricates

43
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Break down protein (protease) fat (lipases) carbohydrates (amylases)

44
Q

Where do secretions come from?

A 
Acini of salivary glands 
Gastric glands 
Brunners glands 
Intestine glands 
Acini of exocrine pancreas
Hepatocytes 
Goblet cells
45
Q

How are substances made small enough to absorb?

A

Mechanical breakdown

Chemical digestion

46
Q

What are active absorption cells?

A

Simple columnar

47
Q

What creates a large surface area in the GI?

A

Permanent folds
Villi
Microvilli

48
Q

What occurs if absorption is disturbed?

A

Diarrhoea
Malnutrition
Anaemia

49
Q

How is water absorbed?

A

Passively

Follows electrolytes and nutrients

50
Q

How is water absorbed after a meal?

A

Driven by nutrient coupled Na

51
Q

How is water absorbed between meals?

A

Na and Cl are absorbed

52
Q

Why and how is water harder to absorb in the colon?

A

Final bit so additional mechanism

Epithelial Na channel

Gastrointestinal System (16 decks)

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