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Anatomy > The Integumentary system > Flashcards

The Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

Callus versus blister

A

Callus: thickening of epidermis - chronic friction
Blister: separation of dermis from epidermis - acute friction

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2
Q

Epidermis versus dermis

A

Epidermis: superficial epithelial tissue
Dermis: deeper fibrous connective tissue

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3
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the skin?

A

Stratified keratinized squamous epithelium

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4
Q

Other names for the hypodermis

A

Superficial fascia
Subcutaneous layer
Made up of adipose and areolar connective tissue

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5
Q

5 layers of the epidermis (from deepest to surface)

A

Stratum basale: germinativum, dividing cells, constantly multiplying so pushes up layers
Stratum spinosum: cells look spiny (artifact) because of desmosomes, also have prekeratin (inside the cells)
Stratum granulosum: cells have granules (keratinohyalin inside), thick cell membrane, water proofing
Stratum lucidum: only in thick skin
Stratum corneum: flat sacs of thick membranes filled with keratin, no nucleus or organelles

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6
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce melanin

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7
Q

Merkel’s cells

A

Touch receptors, connected to nerves

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8
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Immune cells in the skin

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9
Q

Dermal papillae

A

Extends into the epidermis

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10
Q

Function of dermal ridges

A

Increase friction and grip

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11
Q

Where do sweat pores open?

A

Along the crests of the ridges

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12
Q

What 3 pigments are found in the skin, what colour are they, and where are they found

A

Melanin (yellow to reddish to brown to black)
Carotene (yellow-orange)
Hemoglobin (pink hues due to the red colour)
Accumulate in the Stratum corneum and hypodermis

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13
Q

Function of melanin

A

Provides protection to cell nuclei from UV rays
Granules are found around the superficial side of the keratinocytes
UV rays can damage DNA and cause cancer

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14
Q

Melanin in light, dark, and darker skin

A

Light: melanin digested by lysosomes short distance from the basal layer
Dark: No such digestion and present in keratinocytes all over
Darker: darker melanin, more granules and more pigment in each melanocyte

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15
Q

Vitamin D

A

Sunlight stimulates deep epidermis to produce vitamin D
Helps calcium uptake from diet
Essential for healthy bones

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16
Q

Folic acid (vitamin B9)

A

Sunlight decreases folic acid
Needed for formation of new cells, anticancer
Essential during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects

17
Q

Freckles

A

Increased melanin in the stratum basale

Due to repeated exposure to sunlight

18
Q

Moles

A

Clusters of melanocytes converted into melanin containing cells

19
Q

Transdermal patch

A

Drug molecules diffuse through epidermis to the dermis

Works well for small lipid soluble molecules (estrogen, nitroglycerin, nicotine)

20
Q

Nails

A

Modified epidermis, dead keratinized cells
Hair and nails have hard keratin unlike skin
Nail bed is the deeper layers of epidermis
Pink due to rich underlying capillaries

21
Q

Lunule

A

White moon at base of nail
Thick bed called nail matrix
Active growing part
Damage this and the nail will not grow back

22
Q

Another name for cuticle

A

Eponychium

23
Q

What makes hair straight, wavy or kinky

A

Cross section the hair shaft
Round = straight
Oval = wavy
Flat = kinky

24
Q

What makes hair grey

A

Decreased melanin and colourless air bubbles

25
Q

What are goosebumps from

A

Contraction of the arrector pili muscle

Muscle connects from epidermis to the follicle

26
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Oil glands of skin
Associated with hair follicles
Secretions soften and lubricate hair and skin
Holocrine secretions

27
Q

Holocrine secretions

A

Secretes sebum, fills cell, etc until so full that it explodes and releases the secretions

28
Q

Acne

A

So much sebum that it blocks the gland
White head = oxidation to black head
Infected sebaceous glands = pimples

29
Q

2 complications of burns

A
  1. Dehydration (water can leak from the inside out)

2. Infection (bacteria can get in)

30
Q

Autograft

A

Skin from other parts of teh patients body is grafted to burned areas

31
Q

Artificial skin

A

Made from bovine collagen dermis and an epidermis made of silicon

Anatomy (30 decks)

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