Digestive System Flashcards
2 parts of alimentary canal
- Mouth, pharynx and esophagus
2. Stomach, small intestine, large intesting
Accessory digestive organs
- Teeth and tounge
2. Gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
Chemical digestion
Complex molecules broken down to chemical components
Happens in mouth, stomach, and small intestine
Peristalsis
Adjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternatively contract and relax, moving food along the tract distally
Major means of propulsion
Segmentation
Nonadjacent segments os alimentary tract organs alternatively contract and relax, move the food forward then backwards
Food is mixed and slowly propelled
Rhythmic local contractions mixes food with digestive juices
Pain versus tenderness
Pain: a symptom - why some people go to the doctor
Tenderness: a sign that is elicited by the physician (on palpation the patient complains of pain)
Epigastric pain
Top center of abdomen
Probably the stomach
Relieved by drinking milk
Typical of gastritis
Subcostal line
Top horizontal line
Just below the ribs
Transtubercular line
Bottom horizontal line
Line of the tubercule of the hip bones
Where would a person have pain if they had:
- Gall stones
- Appendicities
- Right hypochondrium
2. Right iliac
2 most common places to find ulcers
Lesser curvature of the stomach
Pyloric end of the stomach
What type of muscle layer does only the stomach have?
Oblique
4 layers of the stomach wall
- Mucosa (3 parts)
- Submucosa (has blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue)
- Muscularis externa
- Serosa
3 layers of the mucosa
- Surface epithelium
- Lamina propria (connective tissue)
- Muscularis mucosae (thin layer of muscle)
3 layers of muscularis externa in the stomach
- Oblique layer
- Circular layer
- Longitudinal layer
Also contains the myenteric plexus
Type of epithelium in the:
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Stratified squamous non-keratinized (for protection)
- Simple columnar epithelium with gastric pits
- Simple columnar epithelium with microvilli
- Simple columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells
4 complications of untreated gastric ulcers?
- Bleeding
- Rupture
- Peritonitis
- Gastric carcinoma
Greater omentum
Layer of fat attached to the greater curvature of the stomach and posterior abdominal wall
A “fatty apron”
Apart from the stomach, where else can you get ulcers?
Esophagus
Duodenum
Mesentery
A double layer of peritoneum
Holds organs in place
Sites of fat storage
Provides a route for circulatory vessels and nerves
Transverse mesocolon
Holds transverse colon in place
Sigmoid mesocolon
Connects the sigmoid colon to the posterior pelvic wall
4 organs that lack mesenteries
Duodenum
Ascending and descending colon
Rectum
Pancreas
Where are the ulcers in the duodenum usually located?
D1
After this section the pH increases (pancreas secretes alkaline substances)
How does the liver help in digestion?
Emulsifies fat so it can be absorbed
