Digestive System

Question 1

2 parts of alimentary canal

Answer 1

1. Mouth, pharynx and esophagus

2. Stomach, small intestine, large intesting

Question 2

Accessory digestive organs

Answer 2

1. Teeth and tounge

2. Gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

Question 3

Chemical digestion

Answer 3

Complex molecules broken down to chemical components

Happens in mouth, stomach, and small intestine

Question 4

Peristalsis

Answer 4

Adjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternatively contract and relax, moving food along the tract distally
Major means of propulsion

Question 5

Segmentation

Answer 5

Nonadjacent segments os alimentary tract organs alternatively contract and relax, move the food forward then backwards
Food is mixed and slowly propelled
Rhythmic local contractions mixes food with digestive juices

Question 6

Pain versus tenderness

Answer 6

Pain: a symptom - why some people go to the doctor
Tenderness: a sign that is elicited by the physician (on palpation the patient complains of pain)

Question 7

Epigastric pain

Answer 7

Top center of abdomen
Probably the stomach
Relieved by drinking milk
Typical of gastritis

Question 8

Subcostal line

Answer 8

Top horizontal line

Just below the ribs

Question 9

Transtubercular line

Answer 9

Bottom horizontal line

Line of the tubercule of the hip bones

Question 10

Where would a person have pain if they had:

1. Gall stones
2. Appendicities

Answer 10

1. Right hypochondrium

2. Right iliac

Question 11

2 most common places to find ulcers

Answer 11

Lesser curvature of the stomach

Pyloric end of the stomach

Question 12

What type of muscle layer does only the stomach have?

Answer 12

Oblique

Question 13

4 layers of the stomach wall

Answer 13

1. Mucosa (3 parts)
2. Submucosa (has blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue)
3. Muscularis externa
4. Serosa

Question 14

3 layers of the mucosa

Answer 14

1. Surface epithelium
2. Lamina propria (connective tissue)
3. Muscularis mucosae (thin layer of muscle)

Question 15

3 layers of muscularis externa in the stomach

Answer 15

1. Oblique layer
2. Circular layer
3. Longitudinal layer
   Also contains the myenteric plexus

Question 16

Type of epithelium in the:

1. Esophagus
2. Stomach
3. Small intestine
4. Large intestine

Answer 16

1. Stratified squamous non-keratinized (for protection)
2. Simple columnar epithelium with gastric pits
3. Simple columnar epithelium with microvilli
4. Simple columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells

Question 17

4 complications of untreated gastric ulcers?

Answer 17

1. Bleeding
2. Rupture
3. Peritonitis
4. Gastric carcinoma

Question 18

Greater omentum

Answer 18

Layer of fat attached to the greater curvature of the stomach and posterior abdominal wall
A “fatty apron”

Question 19

Apart from the stomach, where else can you get ulcers?

Answer 19

Esophagus

Duodenum

Question 20

Mesentery

Answer 20

A double layer of peritoneum
Holds organs in place
Sites of fat storage
Provides a route for circulatory vessels and nerves

Question 21

Transverse mesocolon

Answer 21

Holds transverse colon in place

Question 22

Sigmoid mesocolon

Answer 22

Connects the sigmoid colon to the posterior pelvic wall

Question 23

4 organs that lack mesenteries

Answer 23

Duodenum
Ascending and descending colon
Rectum
Pancreas

Question 24

Where are the ulcers in the duodenum usually located?

Answer 24

D1

After this section the pH increases (pancreas secretes alkaline substances)

Question 25

How does the liver help in digestion?

Answer 25

Emulsifies fat so it can be absorbed