Introduction: Terms, Cavities, Membranes, Imaging Flashcards
Axial region
Axis of body
Head, neck and trunk
Appendicular region
Appendages
Legs and arms
Anatomical position
Stands erect with feet together and eyes forward
Palms face anteriorly with thumbs pointed away from the body
Superior versus inferior
Up versus down
Head is superior to the neck
Knee is inferior to the heart
Anterior versus posterior
Front versus back
Palm is anterior to the back of the hand (remember anatomical position
Medial versis lateral
Close to the middle verus far
The heart is medial to the shoulder
Superficial versus deep
Close to the surface of the body versus deep
Bones are deeper than skin
Contralateral versus ipsilateral
On opposite sides versus on the same side
Frontal (coronal) plane
Lies vertically
Cuts body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse plane
Runs horizontally
Cuts body into superior and inferior parts
Sagittal planes
Vertical
Cut into left and right parts
Midsagittal is right in the middle, and parasagittal is slightly to the side
Notochord
Embryonic structure that triggers off the development of the brain
Most of it is gone in the developed human
Dorsal body cavity
Contains cranial and vertebral cavity (brain and spinal chord)
Ventral body cavity
Divided into thoracic ad abdominalpelvic cavity by the diaphragm
Thoracic cavity
Divided into 3 parts
Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity
And the heart cavity
Mediastinum
Contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac
Abdominopelvic cavity
Divided into 2 parts
Abdominal cavity - contains liver, stomach, kidneys, etc
Pelvic cavity - contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum
Serous cavities
A slitlike space lined by a serous membrane
Ex: pleura, pericadium, and peritoneum
Parietal versus visceral serosa
Outer wall of the cavity versus membrane that covers the visceral organs
Serous fluic
Produced by both layers of the serous membranes
Artifacts
Minor distortions of preserved tissues
Not exactly like living tissues and organs
X ray
Electromagnetic waves of very short length
Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures
But not in 3D :(
Contrast X rays
Barium is used to study digestive tract (swallow, meal, meal follow through, or enema - depends on where you want to see)
Computed (axial) tomography
Successive X rays around a person’s full circumference (series of transverse sections)
Computer translates into a detailed picture of the body
Same radiation as X rays
Digital subtraction angiography
Contrast medium highlights vessel structure
Images taken before and after contrast injection
Computer subtracts before from after to identify blockage of arteries to heart wall and brain
Positron emission tomography
Forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body
Especially useful for cancer studies
Isotope is picked up by cells that are the most active**
Sonography
Ultrasound imaging: body is probed with pulses of high frequency sound waves that echo off the body’s tissues
Magnetic resonance imaging
Produces high-quality images of soft tissues
Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content
Bone is one of the driest tissues - doesnt cause a shadow
