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Anatomy > Bones and Cartilage > Flashcards

Bones and Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

Bones and cartilage are what types of tissue? What characterizes this tissue?

A

Connective tissue

Come from the mesenchyme and has a lot of ECM

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2
Q

Perichondrium

A

Layer of dense connective tissue that surrounds cartilage
Resists outward pressure
Functions in growth and repair of cartilage

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3
Q

Characteristics of cartilage

A

Has perichondrium
Consists primarily of water (mostly in the matrix)
Is a resilient tissue

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4
Q

What cell type makes up cartilage?

A

Chondrocyte

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5
Q

Hyaline (glass) cartilage

A

Appears translucent
Most abundant cartilage
Chondrocytes appear spherical
Collagen unit fibril is the ONLY type of fiber in the matrix
Ground substance holds a large amount of water
Provides support through flexibility

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6
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Contains many elastic fibers
Yellowish in colour
Able to tolerate repeated bending
Located in epiglottis and cartilage of external ear

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7
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Resists strong compression and tension
An intermediate between hyaline and elastic
Located in pubic symphysis, menisci of knee, and anulus fibrosus
Does NOT have the perichondrium

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8
Q

Lacuna

A

Cavities in the matrix

Cells reside here

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9
Q

Appositional growth

A

Growth from the outside

Chondroblasts in surrounding perichondrium produce new cartilage

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10
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Growth from within

Chondrocytes within cartilage divide and secrete new matrux

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11
Q

5 functions of bone

A

Support and protection
Movement (skeletal muscles use bones as levers)
Mineral storage (reservoir for important minerals like calcium and phosphate)
Blood cell formation (bone contains red marrow)
Energy metabolism (osteoblasts secrete osteocalcin)

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12
Q

Osteocalcin

A

Secreted by osteoblasts

Can effect tissue sensitivity to insulin and the levels of insulin secretion

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13
Q

Organic versus inorganic components of bone tissue

A

Organic: 35% - cells, fibers, and ground substance - contribute to flexibility and tensile strength
Inorganic: 65% - mineral salts that invade bony matrix - provide exceptional hardness, resist compression

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14
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

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15
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Actively produce and secrete bone matrix

Bone matrix is osteoid

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16
Q

Osteocytes

A

Keep bone matrix healthy

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17
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Found within bone tissue
Responsible for resorption of bone - eat it up - bones are constantly being remodelled
Are derived from a line of white blood cells
Secrete hydrochloric acid and lysosomal enzymes

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18
Q

4 types of bones

A

Long bones
Flat bones
Short bones
Irregular bones

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19
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense outer later

Contains passage ways for blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

20
Q

Spongy (cancellous) bone

A

Internal network of bone

21
Q

Trabeculae

A

Little “beams” of bone in spongy bone

Open spaces between trabeculae are filled with marrow

22
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of long bones

23
Q

Epiphysis

A

Ends of long bones

24
Q

Periosteum

A

Outer covering of bone

Helps the bone heal when it is injured

25
Q

Endosteum

A

Inner lining of bones

26
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Hollow cavity filled with yellow marrow (fat cells)

27
Q

Diploe

A

Internal spongy bone of flat bones

28
Q

Structure of flat bones, short bones, and irregular bones

A

Contain bone marrow but no marrow cavity
Have diploe
Outer and inner table

29
Q

Osteons

A

Also called Haversian system
Long cylindrical structures
Function in support
Structurally resemble rings of a tree in cross section
Rings are made out of the matrix with collagen fibers in it
Contain: lamellae, central canal, perforating canals, and canaliculi

30
Q

Haversian canal

A

Central canal

Contains nerves and blood vessels

31
Q

Volkmann’s canal

A

Perforating canals

Connect Haversian systems

32
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tiny canals
Way for osteocytes to connect to one another
Act like gap junctions
Pass nutrients

33
Q

Ossification (definition, and 2 different types)

A

Bone formation
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification

34
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Membrane bones
Formed directly from mesenchyme
There is a membrane and then ossification begins on the membrane

35
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

All bones except some bones of the skull and clavicles
Bones are modelled in hyaline cartilage
Begins forming late in the second month of embryonic development
Continues forming until early adulthood

36
Q

In epiphyseal plates of growing bones…

A

Cartilage is organized for quick, efficient growth
Cartilage cells form tall stacks (chondroblasts at the top of stacks divide quickly)
Pushes the epiphysis away from the stalk to lengthen entire long bone

37
Q

Growth hormone

A

Produced by the pituitary gland

Stimulates epiphyseal plates

38
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

Ensures that the skeleton retains proper proportions

39
Q

Sex hormones

A

Promote bone growth

Later induces closure of epiphyseal plates

40
Q

Osteoclast

A 
Bone-degrading cell
Giant cell with many nuclei
Crawls along bone surfaces
Breaks down bone tissue
Secreted concentrated HCl
Lysosomal enzymes are released
Derived from hematopoietic stem cells
41
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Characterized by low bone mass
Bone resorption outpaces bone deposition
Occurs most often in women after menopause

42
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Occurs in adults

Bones are inadequately mineralized

43
Q

Rickets

A

Bones are weak
Vitamin D deficiency
Occurs in children
Analogous to osteomalacia

44
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

A form of bone cancer

45
Q

3 places to find fibrocartilages

A

In the vertebral column
Pubic symphysis
Knee
Everywhere else (except the ear) is hyaline

Anatomy (30 decks)

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