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Anatomy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Ventilation versus respiration

A

Ventilation: physical process of the air going in and out of the lungs
Respiration: chemical process of how gas exchange occurs

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2
Q

Inspiration

A

Volume of thoracic cavity increases
Decreases internal gas pressure
Diaphragm flattens
Intercostal muscles contract and raise the ribs

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3
Q

What muscles do deep inspiration require?

A

Scalenes
Sternocleidomastoid
Pectoralis minor
Erector spinae - extends back

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4
Q

Expiration (quiet and forced)

A

Quiet expiration is chiefly a passive process (no energy)
Inspiratory muscles relax, diaphragm moves superiorly, volume of thoracic cavity decreases
Forced expiration is an active process
Produced by contraction of internal and external obliques, transversus abdominis

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5
Q

Pleura

A

A double layered sac surrounding each lung (visceral and parietal)
Help divide the thoracic cavity (central mediastinum and 2 lateral pleural compartments)

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6
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae

So little you dont really know it exists

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7
Q

Sternal angle

A

Line between manubrium and sternu
Where the aorta beings
Corresponds to second rib
Where the trachea bifurcates into right and left bronchus

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8
Q

2 important factors to prevent lung collapse

A

Surfactant

Pleura

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9
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air in the pleural cavity, resulting in lung collapse
Can be severe enough that the heart and lung get pushed to the other side
Can be bad enough that no gas exchange can occur in the lung
Can be caused by COPD, thoracentesis, trauma, or secondary infection
Treat with chest tube and oxygen
Diagnose by chest x-ray or ABG’s
Symptoms are dyspnea, anxiety, tachycardia, pleural pain, asymmertrical chest wall expansion, decreased breath sounds

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10
Q

Conducting zone

A

Respiratory passageways that convey air
Filter, humidify, and warm incoming air
Only transmits gases, no exchange occurs

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11
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Site of gas exchange in the lungs
Includes structures that have alveoli
Where gaseous exchange begins
Starts at the respiratory bronchioles

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12
Q

Nose and nasal cavity

A 
Moistens, warms and filters air
Resonating chamber for speech
Skin of nose is thin and contains many sebaceous glands
External nares are nostrils
Divided by nasal septum
Continuous with nasopharynx
Posterior nasal apertures are choanae
Houses olfactory receptorsL near roof of nasal cavity
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13
Q

3 parts of respiratory mucosa

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium mostly
Goblet cells within epithelium
Underlying layer of lamina propria

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14
Q

Where does cilia move the mucus?

A

Move the contaminated mucus posteriorly to the pharynx
Filtered particles and mucus are swallowed
Eventually digested by digestive juices in the stomach

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15
Q

3 sections of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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16
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Superior to the point where food enters
Only an air passageway
Closed off during swallowing
Uvula reflects superiorly

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17
Q

Oropharynx

A

Air and food pathway
Archlike entraceway - fauces
Extends from soft palate to the epiglottis
Stratified squamous epithelium

18
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Passageway for both food and air
Stratified squamous
Continuous with esophagus and larynx

19
Q

Nasal chonchae or turbinates

A

Filter the air
Superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae
Project medially from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
Deflect particulate matter to mucus coated surfaces
During inhalation they filter, heat and moisten incoming air
During exhalation moisture and heat are reclaimed

20
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Air filled spaces located within 4 facial bones
Sinuses open into nasal cavity
Infection: sinusitis (maxillary cavity is the most common one to get inflammed)

21
Q

Why does the maxillary sinus get infected the most

A

Because the opening is high up

So only what is on top can get drained

22
Q

4 bones that have paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal bone
Maxillary bones
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone

23
Q

Tonsils

A

Collections of lymphoid tissue - provides immunity

24
Q

Pharyngeal tonsil

A

Also called adenoids
When inflammed they cause snoring
Located on posterior wall
Destroys entering pathogens

25
Q

Tubal tonsil

A

At entrance to pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube)

Provides some protection from infection

26
Q

2 types of tonsils in the oropharynx

A
  1. Palatine tonsils (in the lateral walls of the fauces)
  2. Lingual tonsils (cover the posterior surface)
    All together form the Waldeyer’s ring
27
Q

Larynx

A

Extends from 4th to 6th cervical vertebrae
Attaches to hyoid bone superiorly
Opens into laryngopharynx
Inferiorly is continuous with the trachea

28
Q

3 functions of the larynx

A

Voice production
Acts as a sphincter (stops things from entering the trachea)
Provides an open airway

29
Q

Rima glottidis

A

Medial opening between vocal folds

Space between the two vocal chords

30
Q

Thyroid cartulage

A

Shield shaped, forms laryngeal prominence

31
Q

Trachea

A

C-shaped cartilage rings keep airway open

32
Q

Trachealis

A

Smooth muscle

Located between open ends of C-shaped cartilage rings along length of posterior trachea

33
Q

Carina

A

Marks where the trachea divides into 2 primary bronchi

Sternal angle on the surface

34
Q

Major landmarks of the lungs

A

Apex
Base (concave inferior surface)
Hilum (indentation on mediastinal surface - region where blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves enter and exit the lung)

35
Q

Left versus right lung

A

Left: superior and inferior lobes, oblique fissure, cardiac notich (depression that accomodates the heart)
Right lung: superior, middle, and inferior lobes, oblique and horizontal fissues

36
Q

Root

A

The structures that enter and leave the lung at the hilum

Blood vessels, bronchi and nerves

37
Q

Right versus left bronchi

A

Right is shorter, wider, and more in line with the trachea

38
Q

Changes in tissue composition as you go down the bronchial tree

A 
Supportive connective tissue change (C-shaped rings replaced by cartilage plates)
Epithelium changes (from pseudostratified to simple columnar, to simple cuboidal)
Smooth muscle becomes important (widens with sympathetic, constricts with parasymp)
39
Q

Bronchial asthma

A

A type of allergic inflammation
Hypersensitivity to irritants in the air or to stress
Characterized by contraction of bronchiole smooth muscle and secretion of mucus in airways

40
Q

Type 2 alveolar cells

A

Secrete surfactant which reduces surface tension within alveoli

Anatomy (30 decks)

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