Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
The axial skeleton is made up of…
Skull
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage
The appendicular skeleton is made up of…
Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
Upper limb
Pelvic girdle
Lower limb
Mandible
The only movable bone in the skull
Lower jaw bone
Skull without the mandible is called the..
Cranium
Zygomatic bones
Cheekbones
Maxillae
Upper jaw
Two bones but fused together
Bregma
Where the coronal suture meets the sagittal suture
The frontal bone meets the 2 parietal bones
Lambda
Where the lambdoid suture meets the sagittal suture (the occipital bone meets the 2 parietal bones
Foramen magnum
Large opening for spinal chord at base of the skull
Occipital condyles
Provide articular surfaces for the first cervical vertebra (atlas)
Resting spots
Classification and numbers of vertebrae
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral (fused, form sacrum) 4 coccygeal (fused, form coccyx)
Primary curvatures
Present in fetus
Thoracic and sacral
Remain from the C shape
Secondary curvatures
Develop after birth
Cervical (when infant starts lifting its head) and lumbar (when it begins to walk)
Becomes S shaped
Lordosis
Inward curve
Cervical and lumbar curves
Kyphosis
Outward curve
Thoracic and sacral curves
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (C or S shaped)
Thoracic cage (consists of, and function)
Sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, costal cartilages, 12 thoracic vertebrae
Protects viscera, supports shoulder girdles and upper limbs, intercostal muscles are active during breathing
True ribs
Ribs 1-7
Attach anteriorly directly to the sternum through their costal cartilages
False ribs
Ribs 8-10
Attach to the sternum through costal cartilages above them
Floating ribs
Ribs 11 and 12
Do not attach to the sternum
Typical ribs
Ribs 2-9
Attaches to the: bodies of two vertebrae (the corresponding vertebra and the one above), transverse process of the corresponding vertebra, sternum
Atypical ribs
1, 10, 11, 12
Only attached to the one vertebra that corresponds to the rib number
The pectoral girdle consists of…
A scapula (shoulder blade) Clavicle (collar bone)
Shoulder (pectoral) girdle
Attaches the upper limbs to the trunk
Provides attachment for many muscles that move the upper limb
The only bony connection of the upper limb to the trunk is the clavicle (attaches to acromion on scapula)
Humerus
Bone in the arm
Has head, greater and lesser tubercules, anatomical and surgical necks, shaft, and two condyles (medial and lateral)
Radius and ulna
Bones in the forearm
Radius is lateral
Head of the radius is proximal
Head of the ulna is distal
Bones in the hand
Carpal (wrist) bones: 8
Metacarpals: 5
Phalanges: 14 (thumb only has 2)
Pelvic girdle
Consists of two hip bones and sacrum
Attaches the lower limbs to the spine
Carries the weight of the upper body
Supports viscera
Hip bone is composed of which 3 fused bones that fuse at the ___
Pubis, Ilium, Ischium
Fuse at the acetabulum
Femur
Bone of the thigh
Has head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters, shaft, and two condyles (medial and lateral)
Patella
Knee cap
Small sesamoid bone that protects the knee joint and improves the muscle action across the knee
Sesamoid bones
Within the tendons and can move easily
Ex: patella
Tibia and fibia
Bones of the leg
Tibia: main weight bearing bone
Fibia: slender bone lateral to tibia
The distal ends of fibula and tibia form the lateral and medial malleoli
Bones in the foot
Tarsals: 7
Metatarsals: 5
Phalanges: 14 (big toe only has 2)
Lambdoid suture
Between occipital and parietal bones
Fontanelle
Gaps between cranial bones in fetuses and neonates that are covered by membranes
