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Anatomy > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Brain arises from…

A

Rostral part of the neural tube

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2
Q

3 week PRIMARY brain vesicles in 4 week old embryo

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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3
Q

What secondary vesicles do the primary ones give rise to?

A

Prosencephalon divides into the telencephalon and diencephalon
Mesencephalon remains undivided
Rhombencephalon divides into metencephalon and myelencephalon

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4
Q

How does the adult brain develop from the secondary brain vesicles

A

Telencephalon gives the cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon becomes thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
Metencephalon becomes pons and cerebellum
Myelencephalon becomes medulla oblongata

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5
Q

Ventricles of the brain

A 
Expansions of the brain's central cavity
Filled with cerebral spinal fluid
Lined with ependymal cells
Continuous with each other
Continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord
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6
Q

Location of the ventricles:

  1. Lateral ventricles
  2. Third ventricle
  3. Cerebral aqueduct
  4. Fourth ventricle
A
  1. Located in cerebral hemispheres. Horseshoe shaped from bending of the cerebral hemispheres
  2. Lies in diencephalon. Connected with lateral ventricles by interventricular foramen
  3. Connects 3rd and 4th ventricles
  4. Lies in hindbrain. Connects to the central canal of the spinal cord
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7
Q

4 regions of the brain

A

Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla)
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebral hemispheres

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8
Q

2 main fissures

A
  1. Transverse fissures (separates cerebrum and cerebellum)

2. Longitudinal fissure (separates cerebral hemispheres)

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9
Q

Sulci vs Gyri

A

Sulci are grooves

Gyri are ridges

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10
Q

What does the central sulcus divide? What are the 2 gyri it is bordered by called?

A

Divides the frontal and parietal lobes

Bordered by precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus

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11
Q

3 general kinds of functional areas

A

Sensory areas
Association areas
Motor areas

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12
Q

Multimodal association areas

A

Receive and integrate input from multiple regions of the cerebral cortex
Higher level functions
Ex: you feel a key in your pocket, these areas tell you what keys are

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13
Q

Motor cortex

A

Plans and initiates voluntary motor functions

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14
Q

Broca’s area

A

Left frontal lobe

Can understand everything and can say words, but cannot put words in a sentence that makes sense

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15
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Left temporal lobe
Cannot understand words, but can speak and hear completely fine
Cannot make sense of a sentence

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16
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Projection is contralateral

Cerebral hemispheres receive input from the opposite side of the body

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17
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Specific pyramidal cells control specific areas of the body

Face and hand muscles are controlled by many pyramidal cells

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18
Q

Somatotopy

A

Body is represented spatially in the primary motor cortex

19
Q

Which sides of the central sulcus are the motor vs sensory cortex

A

Motor map in precentral gyrus

Sensory map in postcentral gyrus

20
Q

3 types of tracts

A

Commissures
Association fibers
Projection tracts

21
Q

Commissures

A

Composed of commissural fibers
Allows communication between cerebral hemispheres
Corpus callosum is the largest commissure

22
Q

Association fibers

A

Connect different parts of the same hemisphere

Parts of Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas are connected by these fibers

23
Q

Projection tracts (2)

A

From the cortex to the rest of the NS
Internal capsule: projection fibers form a compact bundle - passes between thalamus and basal nuclei
Corona radiata: superior to the internal capsule - fibers run to and from the cerebral cortex

24
Q

Basal nuclei/ganglia

A

A group of nuclei deep within the cerebral white matter
Formed from caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
Involved in motor control
Receives input from many cortical areas
Substantia nigra also influences it

25
Q

3 functions of basal ganglia

A

Start, stop and regulate intensity of voluntary movements
Select appropriate muscles for a task and inhibit others
Estimate the passage of time

26
Q

Thalamus

A

80% of the diencephalon
Contains ~ 12 major nuclei
Acts as a relay station for incoming sensory message
Every part of brain communicating with cerebral cortex relays signals through thalamic nuclei!
Nuclei organize and amplify or tone down signals

27
Q 
What type of information does the:
1. Ventral posterolateral nuclei
2. Medial geniculate body
3. Lateral geniculate body
receive?
A
  1. Act as relay stations for the sensory information ascending to the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex
  2. Receives auditory input and links to the auditory cortex
  3. Receives visual input and transmits to the visual cortex
28
Q

Epithalamus

A

Forms part of the roof of the third ventricle
Consists of a tiny group of nuclei
Includes the pineal gland

29
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin
Under influence of hypothalamus
Aids in control of circadian rhythm

30
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

Central cavity of the midbrain

31
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A 
Located on the ventral surface of the brain
Contain pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts
32
Q

Corpora quadrigemina

A

On dorsal side of midbrain
Act in visual and auditory reflexes
Largest nuclei
Divided into superior and inferior colliculi

33
Q

Superior vs inferior colliculi

A

Superior: nuclei that act in visual reflexes
Inferior: nuclei that act in reflexive response to sound

34
Q

Periaqueductal gray matter (location, 2 functions)

A

Surrounds the cerebral aqueduct

Involved in fight or flight reaction, mediates response to visceral pain

35
Q

Function of:

  1. Medial lemniscus
  2. Reticular formation
  3. Crus cerebri of cerebral peduncle
A
  1. Project from neurons in medulla to thalamus - carries sensory information
  2. Collection of nuclei - has functions in posture, movement, arousal, etc
  3. Where the pyramidal tracts descend down through your body
36
Q

Pontine nuclei

A

Connect portions of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum

Send axons to cerebellum through the middle cerebellar peduncles

37
Q

Folia

A

Ridges of the cerebellum

38
Q

3 lobes of the cerebellar hemispheres

A

Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular lobe (tiny)

39
Q

3 regions of the cerebellum

A

Cortex (gray)
Arbor vitae (internal white matter)
Deep cerebellar nuclei - deeply situated gray matter

40
Q

3 tracts connecting the cerebellum to the brainstem

A

Superior cerebellar peduncles: to midbrain
Middle cerebellar peduncles: to pons
Inferior cerebellar penduncles: medulla

41
Q

3 types of info the cerebellum receives to coordinate body movements

A

Info on equilibrium
Info on current movements of limbs, neck, and trunk
Info from cerebral cortex

42
Q

2 layers of the dura

A 
Periosteal layer (connects to the skull)
Meningeal layer (connected to periosteum)
Fused except to enclose the dural sinuses
43
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Located beneath the dura
Arachnoid villi are where CSF can move back into the blood stream
Allows CSF to pass into the dural blood sinuses

44
Q

Pia Mater

A

Delicate connective tissue

Clings tightly to the surface of the brain

Anatomy (30 decks)

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