The Integumentary System 2

Question 1

Read the quick reviews

Answer 1

And get tested on those

Question 2

Read the quick reviews

Answer 2

And get tested on those

Question 3

Skin Appendages

Answer 3

are accessory organs that support the functions of the skin in maintaining body homeostasis.
• Hair and nails
• Cutaneous glands

Question 4

Hair(pilus)

Answer 4

is a flexible strand of dead keratinized cells found over most skin surface made by hair follicles.

Question 5

Functions

Answer 5

• Sense of touch
  • Protect against sunlight and heat loss (scalp hair)
  • Filter foreign particles (eyelashes and nasal hair)

Question 6

Hair is produced

Answer 6

from the hair bulb of the hair follicle through keratinization.
• contains melanocytes to give hair colour
• contains hair follicle receptors to detect hair bending
• arrector pili muscle contracts to pull the hair follicle upright, pulls our hair when scared, stressed, cold
protects agginst heat loss
Hair root is embedded in the skin; hair shaft projects above the skin surface.

Question 7

Look at diagram

Question 8

Hair is classified as cells or terminal

Answer 8

Vellus: fine, short, and unpigmented hair.
• found on most thin skin
Terminal: long, coarse and darker hair.
• Grow in response to androgens (male-predominant sex hormones)
• E.g., eyebrow, eyelashes, scalp hair, pubic and axillary areas of both sexes

Question 9

True or False:Vellus hair is the type of hair that becomes more prominent in androgenic hair loss, also known as male pattern baldness

Answer 9

True: In male pattern baldness, terminal hair become thinner and less pigmented due to hormonal imbalances.
In hirsutism, females develop terminal hair on the face and chest, a masculine distribution.

Question 10

Nails

Answer 10

Are keratinized cells located over the dorsal surfaces at the ends of fingers and toes.
• produced by the nail matrix and rests on the nail bed

Question 11

Nail functions

Answer 11

• fine manipulation grab things
  • grooming and scratching

Question 12

Dorsal side of nail

Answer 12

Top down
- free edge
- nail body
- lunula
- Eponychium
- Nail root

Question 13

Which portion of the nail is embedded in the skin?

Answer 13

Nail root is embedded in the skin
• Nail body and free edge are visible portions of the nail

Question 14

Why does most of the nail appear pink

Answer 14

Due to the rich blood vessels underneath
• Exception is the lunula (“little moon”), where the nail matrix is

Question 15

Sebaceous(Oil) glands

Answer 15

Sebaceous glands are holocrine glands that secrete sebum (a mixture of oil and cell fragments).

Features:

• lubricate the hair and prevent skin dehydration
• has anti-bacterial property
• not found in thick skin

Question 16

True or Galse: pimples, whiteheads, and blackheads are all problems associated with the sebaceous glands

Answer 16

Pimples may be associated with bacterial infection.
Whiteheads and blackheads result from sebum blockage of sebaceous gland duct.

Question 17

Sudoriferous(Sweat glands)

Question 18

Eccrine glands

Answer 18

are found all over the body, especially at the palms, soles and forehead.

• function in thermoregulation
- directly connected to the skin

Question 19

Apocrine sweat glands

Answer 19

found in anogenital and axillary areas.
• secrete into hair follicles
• contribute to body odour when acted upon by bacteria

Question 20

The composition of eccrine gland secretion is

Answer 20

99% water, salt, trace amounts of wastes and vitamin C

Question 21

Specialized Apocrine Glands

Question 22

Ceruminous glands

Answer 22

Produce cerumen(earwax) together with nearby oil glands
- found at the external ear canal
- insects and other things get tapped before going further down ear

Question 23

Mammary glands

Answer 23

Secrete milk
- develops only during pregnancy and lactation

Question 24

Linking each to the integ. system:
1. Physical barrier and protection

Answer 24

Keratin production

Question 25

Linking each to the integ. system:
Regulation of body temp

Answer 25

Piloerection(goosebumps):
- through hair follicle receptors
Sweat(insensible+sensible):
- sweat pores
- eccrine sweat glands
Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction:
- dermal vascular plexus
Adipose tissue

Question 26

Hi

Question 27

Linking each to the integ system:
Blood reservoir

Answer 27

Vasodilation or vasoconstriction which stores up to 5% of the body’s blood volume through the dermal vascular plexus
- capillaries are smaller than arteries

Question 28

Linking each to the integ system:
Sensation

Answer 28

• Merkel cells(pressure) through the epidermis
• Dermal Layer* Nociceptors (pain)
  Subcolaneous, Meissner corpuscle (touch),
  Pacinian corpuscle (vibration/pressure) and Ruffini’s corpuscle (stretch):
• sensory nerve fibers with free nerve endings
• Lamilar corpuscle

Question 29

Linking each to the integ system:
Excretion and absorption

Answer 29

Absorption through passive diffusion which the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis

Sweat: removal of water, salt and nitrogenous waste (eccrine), pheromones (apocrine) and sebum (oil) production though:
-• Eccrine sweat gland
-Arrector pili muscle
• Sebaceous (oil) gland

Question 30

Linking each to the integ. system:
Vitamin D synthesis

Answer 30

UV-B stimulated production of vitamin D3 through the epidermis

Question 31

Wearable medical devices

Answer 31

Are designed to be used while attached to the body

Question 32

Questions to consider tor wearables

Answer 32

How long will the device remain on the patient?
• Where will the sensor be placed on the body?
• What skin types or conditions will be encountered?
• Will the skin require additional preparation?
• What is the demographic of the intended user? (infant, adult and/or elderly)
• What is the activity level of the user during use? (active or sedentary)