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Anatomy And Physicolgy > Muscles 3 > Flashcards

Muscles 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle tone

A

Skeletal and smooth muscles are under a weak contracted state at rest
- regulated by the brain and spinal nerves
- motor units are recruited and cycled around

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2
Q

What is the function of muscle tone?

A
  • Supports posture
  • muscle readiness
  • circulation
  • joint stability
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3
Q

Muscle coordination

A

Muscles either work together or against each other to create smooth and purposeful movements

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4
Q

Types:

A

Agonists(prime mover): muscles responsible for target movement
Synergists: assists the agonist
Antagonists: oppose the actions of the agonist

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5
Q

Identify the muscles that belong to each functional group during elbow flexion(agonist, synergistic, antagonist)

A

Agonist(prime movers): biceps brachii and brachialis
• synergists: deltoid
• antagonists: triceps brachii

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6
Q

True or False:
All skeletal muscles are directly attached to the bone

A

False

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7
Q

Muscle Attachments

A

There are 2 types:

Direct- muscle to bone or cartilage
Indirect- through tendons or aponeruroses
Aponeruroses- broad, flat like connective tissue

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8
Q

A typical muscle connects to at least 2 places

A
  • the origin: the proximal end site
  • insertion: the distal end site
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9
Q

Muscle fatigue

A

Is the decline of a muscle to maintain tension after a long stimulation

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10
Q

What can co tribute to this?

A
  • decreased ATP
    • decreased glycogen
  • buildup of lactic acid and imbalance in Na* and K+
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11
Q

For muscles to return to its pre-excersise state

A

restore oxygen reserve (in myoglobin)
• restore glycogen reserve
• restore creatine phosphate reserve

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12
Q

Delayed onset muscular soreness(DOMS)

A

Is a delayed sore, aching, painful muscle after unaccustomed intense excercidd

The soreness comes from tissue injury cause by mechanical stress

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13
Q

Muscle Cramps

A

A sudden, painful and involuntary muscle cobtractuon

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14
Q

How does the following scenarios contribute to muscle cramps?
Look at image

A

FIRST: electrolyte imbalances due to excess sweating, dehydration, excessive muscle heat.
• SECOND: abnormal sensory activities from muscle fibres can trigger motor neurons to fire randomly.

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15
Q

Electromyography(EMG)

A

a technique that measures the electrical activity of skeletal muscle fibres at rest and during contraction.

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16
Q

This was used to understand

A

• muscle activation
• muscle fatigue
• motor unit recruitment
• neuromuscular disorders

17
Q

Electromyography:
There are 2 types

A

Surface and Intramuscular EMG

18
Q

Categorize the following descriptions as either surface (S) or intramuscular (M) EMG recordings.
• Invasive-
• Cannot discriminate between activity of adjacent muscles
• Produces consistent and accurate information for diagnostic purposes
• Can analyze the activity of a single motor unit
• May be affected by adipose tissue (fat)

A
  1. M
  2. S
  3. M
  4. M
  5. M
19
Q

Electrical stimulation

A

Is used in skeletal muscles to send impulses to the body to stimulate or inhibit muscle contractions

Other names are:
- electrical muscle stimulation(EMS)
- neuromuscular electrical stimulation(NMES)

20
Q

What are the benefits of using electrical muscle stimulation?

A
  • muscle strengthening and recovery
  • pain relief
  • improves performance
  • improves blood circulation
21
Q

Rank the 3 muscle fibre types from the most to least regenerative

A
  1. Smooth
  2. Skeletal
  3. Cardiac
22
Q

Smooth muscles

A

Are found in the walls of hollow organs and the tracts of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems

23
Q

Are organized into single unit and multi unit

A

Single unit:
- contracts as 1 combined unit
Eg. Walls of stomach, intestines and urinary bladder and the uterus
Multiunit:
- contacts in small groups
Examples:
Iris, ciliary muscles, large airways of the lungs

24
Q

Which organization of smooth muscles do the following structures belong to

A

walls of the digestive tract - Single
• walls of urinary bladder → Single
• erector pili muscle -> Multi
• wall of large airway -multi

25
Q

Which feature contributes to the smooth muscle’s rhythmicity and ability to contract as a unit?
A. troponin complex
B. gap junctions
C. varicosities
D. caveolae

A

B

26
Q

Smooth muscles have caveolae

A

Which are infoldiings that have calcium channels that allow an influx of extracellular Ca

27
Q

Smoother muscles can be contracted by

A
  • autonomic nervous system
  • stretch
  • local factors
  • hormones
28
Q

Loop at independent work

A

Anatomy And Physicolgy (13 decks)

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