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Anatomy And Physicolgy > The Integumentary System > Flashcards

The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

The integumentary system

A

Consists of the skin and its appendages(hair nail glands), blood vessels, muscles and nerves
Dermatology: the medical specialty of the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the integumentary system

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2
Q

Skin

A
  • also known as the cutaneous membrane
  • the largest organ of the body
  • vulnerable to external agents like chemical and radiation, but is waterproof, stretchable and automatically repairs itself
    It’s divided into 2 major layers:
  • epidermis: superficial and thinner layer of skin
  • Dermis: the deep and thicker layer of the skin
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3
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

Also known as the hypodermis
- it’s not part of the skin but attached the skin loosely to the deeper tissues, between skin and tossue(
- acts as a shook absorber

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4
Q

Epidermis

A
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5
Q

The 4 or 5 distinct layers

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucidum (only found in thick skin)
  3. Stratum granulosum, makes keratin
  4. Stratum spinosum
  5. Stratum basale
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6
Q

Thick vs thin skin

A

Thick skin:
- around 0.5 mm
- found on the palms, fingertips, soles for feet(areas of high abrasion and has a lot of friction)
- no hair or sebaceous glands
Thin skin:
- around 0.1mm
1 found everywhere else on body

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7
Q

Stratum corneum

A
  • the thickest layer of the epidermis
  • formed by the process of keratinization( only dead cells)
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8
Q

Stratum corneum

A
  • the thickest layer of the epidermis
  • formed by the process of keratinization( only dead cells)
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9
Q

Stratum basale(stratum germinativation)

A
  • the most nourished layer of the epidermis, the epidermis does not have tissues so it relies on diffusion to get nutrients
  • contains stem cells called basal cells(the youngest keratinocytes, actively performing mitosis) that actively divide to produce the layer’s above
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10
Q

Which tissue type describes the skin epidermis?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
B. Pseudostratified squamous epithelium
C. Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
D. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

D

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11
Q

Keratinocytes

A
  • makes up of around 90 percent of the epidermis
  • cells that produce keratin
  • keratin is made of intermediate filaments
  • undergoes continuous mitosis and gets pushed upward by new cells beneath them
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12
Q

Keratinization

A
  • is the cellular transformation where keratinocytes synthesize and accumulate keratin and undergo apoptosis(controlled cell death)
    An example of this is the formation of dandruff which is the excess shedding of Latinized cells from the scalp and callus which is causes by persistent friction in the skin
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13
Q

Keratinization

A
  • is the cellular transformation where keratinocytes synthesize and accumulate keratin and undergo apoptosis(controlled cell death)
    An example of this is the formation of dandruff which is the excess shedding of Latinized cells from the scalp and callus which is causes by persistent friction in the skin
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14
Q

Melanocytes

A

Cells that produce the pigment protein melanin packaged inside graduates called melanosomes which are formed through the rough er and the golgi

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15
Q

True or False: Dark skin individuals have more melanocytes than pale skin individuals

A

False: Skin colour differs based on the amount of melanin produced rather than the number of melanocytes.
- there are different colours of melanin

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16
Q

Other cells

A

Dendritic cells (Langerhans cells): local immune cells involved in surveillance and defense.
patrol the deep epidermis
Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells): cells that contain sensory receptors for touch.
• located in stratum basale
- part of the nervous system

17
Q

Dermis

A
18
Q

The 2 layers:
-1. The Papillary layer

A
  • has loosely woven blood vesselss to see to remove waste and transport nutrients, and lymphatic vessels
  • connects to the epidermis through finger like projections called dermal papillae
19
Q

The 2 layers:
2. The reticular layer

A
  • has thick bundles of interlacing collagen fibres.
  • contains many appendages (hair follicles, glands), nerves and adipose cells
20
Q

The 2 layers:
2. The reticular layer

A
  • has thick bundles of interlacing collagen fibres.
  • contains many appendages (hair follicles, glands), nerves and adipose cells
21
Q

The 2 layers:
2. The reticular layer

A
  • has thick bundles of interlacing collagen fibres.
  • contains many appendages (hair follicles, glands), nerves and adipose cells
22
Q

Name the germ layers the integumentary system is derived from for Epidermis and Dermis

A

Epidermis
• develops from the ectoderm
Dermis
• develops from the mesoderm
• skin appendages (nails, hair, and skin glands) are epidermal derivatives

23
Q

Name the germ layers the integumentary system is derived from for Epidermis and Dermis

A

Epidermis
• develops from the ectoderm
Dermis
• develops from the mesoderm
• skin appendages (nails, hair, and skin glands) are epidermal derivatives

24
Q

Skin markings

A

Natural or acquired patterns that result from structures or movement of the skin from nature or development

25
Q

Friction ridges

A

From in thick skin

Functions:

• enhance grip
• sense of touch through better vibration detection (lamellar corpuscles)
• generate fingerprints with the help of sweat ducts)

26
Q

Cleavage lines

A

form in regions of separation between collagen bundles in the reticular layer of the dermis.

• invisible on the outside

27
Q

Flexure lines

A

Forms near joints where the dermis is tightly secured to the deeper structures
- accommodates for joint movements

28
Q

Wrinkle lines

A

Form from frequent movement of underlying muscle
- perpendicular to the muscle contracture
- sign of aging due to loss of collagen, elastic fibres and subcutaneous fat

29
Q

True or Galse: Stretch marks are a type of wrinkles that can develop during pregnancy

A

False: Stretch marks (striae) form from rapid and extreme stretching of the skin that leads to tearing of the collagen bundles in the dermis, perpendicular to the skin tension.

30
Q

Skin Conductance

A
  • is the ease at which electrical current flows
  • the opposite is known as skin conductance
  • determined by the stratum corneum thickness and skin hydration level
31
Q

How does each affect the skin conductance? What can be done to reduce its influence?

Stratum corneum thickness
Skin hydration level

A

stratum corneum thickness
• thicker stratum corneum decreases skin conductance
• abrasive gel or conductive gel can be used skin hydration level
• moist skin is more conductive than dry skin
• sweat glands and proper fluid hydration can help

32
Q

Skin conductance is used to understand all of the following, EXCEPT:
A. Lie detection
B. Anxiety and emotional responses
C. Nerve conduction velocity
D. Biofeedback

A

C

Skin conductance is used as an indicator of emotional arousal. The secretion of sweat reflects a stressful or heightened state.

33
Q

Skin conductance is used to understand all of the following, EXCEPT:
A. Lie detection
B. Anxiety and emotional responses
C. Nerve conduction velocity
D. Biofeedback

A

C

Skin conductance is used as an indicator of emotional arousal. The secretion of sweat reflects a stressful or heightened state.

Anatomy And Physicolgy (13 decks)

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