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Anatomy And Physicolgy > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

Development

A

The continuous process that an individual changes from one life phase to another

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2
Q

Reproduction

A

The biological process that a living organism produces an offspring

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3
Q

Human reproduction

A
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4
Q
  1. Gamete synthesis
A

The formation(creation) of reproductive cells called gametes for sexual reproduction

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5
Q

Gametes

A
  • sex cells
  • oocytes(eggs,female)
  • sperms(male)
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6
Q
  1. Copulation(sex)
A

The process of bringing the gametes from the male and female together

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7
Q
  1. Fertilization(also known as conception)
A

The combination of gametes to form a zygote

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8
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized egg with sperms attached

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9
Q

Meiosis

A
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10
Q

Meiosis

A

Has 2 consecutive nuclear divisions

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11
Q

Unique features of meiosis and where they’re found

A
  • Introduces genetic variability, in mutations
  • Reduces the chromosomal number by half, in reproductive cells
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12
Q

Unique features of meiosis and where they’re found

A
  • Introduces genetic variability, in mutations
  • Reduces the chromosomal number by half, in reproductive cells
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13
Q

Prophase I

A

Duplicated homolgulus(same) chromosomes pair up to form a tetrad. In a process called synapsis

Synapsis: the arms of non-sister chromatids trade segments of DNA by crossing over at a site called called charisma, allowing the maternal and paternal chromosomes to exchange genetic materials

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14
Q

Metaphase I

A
  • Chromosomes line up by homologous pairs
  • the maternal or paternal homogulous pairs are given a side of the metaphase plate
  • called indepteknt assortment
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15
Q

At the end of Meisosi 1, egacy daughter cells has

A
  • one memeber of the homologous chromosomes
  • half the amount of chromosomes as the parent cell
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16
Q

Meisosis 2

A

2 daughter cells further seperate to create 4 genetically unique gametes

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17
Q

Location and timing of Fertilixation

A

Typical location: in the uterine tube
Timing: within a day from when the oocyte releases from the ovary

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18
Q

In humans

A

Only 1 sperm will get through to penetrating the oocytes called monispermy

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19
Q

Major mechanisms of monospermy

A

The oocyte membrane block(fast block): binding of the first sperm activates Na+ channels and demolishes egg plasma membrane to prevent more sperms from binding
The cortical reaction(slow block): Ca2+ releases from the smooth ER to fascinate the exocytosis of cortical granules(to sperms can penetrate) to harden the oocyte membrane to make it impenetrable

20
Q

True or False
The gestation period, (pregnancy), starts with fertilization and ends with birth

A

False; The gestation period starts from the last menstruation period(a period) and ends with birth
Fertilization would occur when the mother is already 2 weeks pregnant

21
Q

True or False
The gestation period, (pregnancy), starts with fertilization and ends with birth

A

False; The gestation period starts from the last menstruation period(a period) and ends with birth
Fertilization would occur when the mother is already 2 weeks pregnant

22
Q

Prenatal development

A

Starts when the e zygote starts to divide

23
Q

The embryonic and Fetal periods

A

Embryonic period(0 to 8 weeks): begins with the zygote and the conceptua is called an embryo
Fetal period(9 weeks to birth): the concept is is called a fetus

24
Q

Sig events during the embryonic stage

A
  • cleavage
  • blastocyst
  • implantation.
25
Q

How do cells divide during cleavage differ from typical mitotic cell divisions

A

There isn’t much time for growth between divioons as cells continue to grow without an increase in sizs

26
Q

Cleavage

A
  • The single cells zygote undergoes rapid cell division without increasing cytoplasm
  • each division is half the size of the previous one
  • there is a high surface area to volume ratio that helps to enhance the uptake of nutrients, oxygen and waste disposal
27
Q

Cleavage

A
  • The single cells zygote undergoes rapid cell division without increasing cytoplasm
  • each division is half the size of the previous one
  • there is a high surface area to volume ratio that helps to enhance the uptake of nutrients, oxygen and waste disposal
28
Q

After a few days, the conceptua is reported to as an

A

Early blastocyst

29
Q

The outer and inner shell of blastocyst

A

Outer: Triphoblast
Inner cell cluster: Embryoblast or inner cell mass

30
Q

Implantation

A

Endometrium:
- once inside the uterus, blastocyst sticks, digests and burrows into the cell wall

31
Q

Gastrulation

A

Inside the blastocyst, part of the Embryoblast starts to rearrange its cells
- the start of the forming of embryo
- provides a mechanism to develop a multileveled body plan starting with 3 primary germ layers

32
Q

The 3 primary germ layers

A

Ectoderm(ecto: outer)
Mesoderm(meso(soup): middle
Endoderm(endo:within)

33
Q

Organogenesis

A

Within each germ layer, cells continue to move and migrate, each forming different set of organs and organ systems

34
Q

Ectoderm

A

Undergoes neuralation(the process of creating the nervous system) which leads to
- neural tubes(brain and spinal cord
- epudermis(skin layer)
- hair
- nails

35
Q

Endoderm

A

Folds into a tube called the primitive guy( hollow cavity for digestive system)
Which becomes digestive tract, the muscle lining of the respiratory tract and liver and pancreas, lungs

36
Q

Mesoderm

A

Forms al ost everything else in the body
- circulatory system
Lungs
Skeletal system
Muscular system

37
Q

The 4 extra embryonic membranes

A
38
Q

Amnion

A

The fluid filled sac that surrounds and cushions the embryo/fetus and helps maintain a constant temp and forms on the dorsal(back) of the embryo

39
Q

Yolk sac

A

A sac developed for the primitive gut as the primary nutrient source for the embryo before the umbilical cord forms
And where the fetal blood forms

40
Q

Allantois/Umbilical cord

A
  • The structure that contains the veins and arteries and links the embryo to the placenta
  • allows for nutrients
  • becomes part of the urinary bladder
41
Q

Allantois/Umbilical cord

A
  • The structure that contains the veins and arteries and links the embryo to the placenta
  • allows for nutrients
  • becomes part of the urinary bladder
42
Q

Chorion

A
  • The outermost membrane that encloses the developing embryo and all other membranes
  • forms the fetal part of the placenta
  • surrounds the membrane and above terms
43
Q

Placenta

A

Is a temporary organ that functions as a nutritive, respiratory, excretory and endocrine organ

44
Q

Functions

A

Oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the fetus through the umbilical vein, 1 umbilica vein

Carbon dioxide and waste are removed from the fetus through the umbilical arteries, 2 umbilical arteries

45
Q

Functions

A

Oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the fetus through the umbilical vein, 1 umbilica vein

Carbon dioxide and waste are removed from the fetus through the umbilical arteries, 2 umbilical arteries

46
Q

What substances can cross the placenta and reach the fetus

A

Oxygen
Alcohol
Water
Hiv typically can’t

Anatomy And Physicolgy (13 decks)

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