Development 2 Flashcards
Fetal development
- marks the rapid growth and specialization of the body organ systems
- divided into 3 trimesters
A trimester
Is roughly 13 weeks or 3 months:
- 1st trimesters(0-13 weeks): everything from last slide
- 2nd(14-72 weeks)
- 3rd trimester(28-40 weeks)
True or false: The buttock-first(breach) or head-first(vertex) presentation of the fetus does not make a difference during delivery
False. The head first(vertex) presentation of the fetus helps dilate the cervix, while the buttock first( breech) delivery is more difficult often requiring C sections or forceps
Parturiton
- the last stage of pregnancy
- ends with birth
Labour: the series of events where the infant expels out of the uterus
- includes dilation, expulsion, and placental stages
The dilation stage
Is marked by the gradual enlargement of the cervix(the neck of the uterus) to about 10 cm in diameter
- longest stage of labour
- wake but regular contractions begin
- the fetuses head is forced against the cervix
- rupture of the amniotic membrane( water breaking)
During expulsion
The mother experience shorter contractions every 2-3 mins, each lasting a min
- coordinated contraction of the pelvic and abdominal muscles pushes the fetus through the vagina and the baby comes out
The placenta stage
Is marked by the delivery of the afterbirth:
- whereby the placenta and extraembryonic membranes come out
- contractions continue to detach and excel the placenta and compress the uterine blood vessels to prevent excessive bleeding
Exam question
Describe the 3 stages and key event in every stage of pregnancy
Pre-term birth
- Parturition before 37 weeks
- babies are a laced in incubators for warmth and sterility, sometimes with blue fluorescent lights to treat a condition called jaundice(liver not functioning properly, not able to break down metabolism), tends to go away as baby develops
A mother could give birth
To:
Monozygotic(identical)
- develops from a single fertilization event
- the developing embryo splits in 2 within the first 2 weeks
Dizygotic(fraternal)
- develop when 2 oocytes each become fertilized
- produces 2 genetically unique fetuses
- 70% of twins are this
Conjoined
- multiple theorems, due to incomplete splitting of embryo, due to fusion between seperate embryos
Reproductive Complications
Miscarriage(spontaneous abortion)
Spontaneous expulsion of the fetus before 20 weeks gestation( before the right time)
Stillbirth
The death or loss of a baby after the 20 weeks gestation or during parturition
Ectopic pregnancy
Zygote implants anywhere other than the uterus
This usually happens at the fundus(the wide part of the uterus)
This can be detected by checking hormone level, HGC, in blood( baby can’t survive)
Ectopic pregnancy
Zygote implants anywhere other than the uterus
This usually happens at the fundus(the wide part of the uterus)
This can be detected by checking hormone level, HGC, in blood( baby can’t survive)
Teratogens
Factors that cause congenital malformations during the critical period of development which effect the most susceptible organs
Congenital malformation
Anatomical or structural abnormality present at birth, happens as the fetus is growing inside
Critical period
Period of rapid development of organ systems, especially during weeks 4-7 of the first trimester
Critical period
Period of rapid development of organ systems, especially during weeks 4-7 of the first trimester
Examples
Thalidomide(C13H10N2O4)
- prescribed to relieve nausea during pregnancy
- malformations of the CNS, facial structure, arms and legs
- can cross the placenta and cause damage to sketal, central nervous system and facial
What is an example of a teratogen that can cause borth defects when consumed during pregnancy?
Ans: Tobacco
- spermicides kills the baby
Preventive Reproductive methods
- Also k own as Contraception
- can be used by one or both members of a coups to prevent pregnancy
Abortion
- early end of pregnancy
- may be considered if conception is not used or has failed
- medical(medication) abortion can be done up to 10 weeks gestation
- surgical abortion is performed between 10-24, after 10 weeks gestation
Assisted Reproductive Technoques(ARTs)
Allow manipulation of the oocytes or embryos with the goal of producing pregnancy
Techniques used
- surgical removal of the oocytes following hormone stimulation
- labatory fertilizatioj of oocytes
- return of fertilized oocytes to a female body(bringing the egg back to its normal environment)
True or False: surrogacy is co sidered an ART because it involves the use of assisted reproductive techniques to achieve pregnancy
True: Surrogacy is an ART method where a female carries and delivers a baby on behalf of another individual or couple. Various ART techniques may be used to achieve pregnancy in the surrogate or intended parents).
True or False: surrogacy is co sidered an ART because it involves the use of assisted reproductive techniques to achieve pregnancy
True: Surrogacy is an ART method where a female carries and delivers a baby on behalf of another individual or couple. Various ART techniques may be used to achieve pregnancy in the surrogate or intended parents).
In vitro fertilization(IVF)
Fertilization in a test tube( most common form of ART)
- oocytes and sperm are combined and cultured for 2-6 days, happens during cleavage
- quality embryos are transferred back to the uterus for imputation, via petri dish
In vitro fertilization(IVF)
Fertilization in a test tube( most common form of ART)
- oocytes and sperm are combined and cultured for 2-6 days, happens during cleavage
- quality embryos are transferred back to the uterus for imputation, via petri dish
Then, zygote intrafaopian transfer(ZIFT) takes place:
- these get transferred, via injection to the uterine tube so natural implantation can occur
What 2 reproductive processes are replaced by IVF?
Copulation and fertilization
What 2 reproductive processes are replaced by IVF?
Copulation and fertilization
Ibtracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)
Induced fertilization where a single sperm( that has a low ability to collect the eggs) is injected into a mature egg
Gamete intrafallopian transfer(GIFT)
Sperm and oocytes are transferred together into the uterine tube so natural fertilization can take place, brought to close proximity so that they can meet
Types of pregnancy tests
Sonography(ultrasound)
Uses high frequency sound waves to create an image of body’s interior
- image created is called a sonograph, or echographm
- techicians trained to use this are sonographers
- is a broad screening, used for identifying features
The he’ll use din ultrasounds
Are used to help sound penetrate tissue to see fetus, so it doesn’t have to travel through air
Types of ultrasound
Transvaginal ultrasound places a transducer into the vagina.
• used during 1st trimester pregnancy
• creates a sharper image
Abdominal ultrasound places the transducer over the belly.
• used for all three trimesters
True or False: a full bladder helps with the visualization of the uterus during the early pregnancy by ultrasound
True: Ultrasound waves travel much easier through water and fluids than they do through gas. A full bladder allows ultrasound waves to travel through the pelvic region, which makes it easier to scan the uterus or other pelvic organs.
Nuchal translucency(NT)
is a test that uses ultrasound to measure the fluid buildup at the back of the fetal neck.(in the navel region)
• increased thickness indicates genetic or chromosomal defects
• performed after 10 weeks of gestation
• screening only; can be performed on multiple pregnancy
Cell free fetal dna test
is a blood test of the mother that looks at cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) released by cells from the placenta for chromosome disorders.
- these are DNA fragments floating around in the mothers blood
• ffDNA reflects genetic makeup of the fetus
• performed after 10 weeks of gestation
• screening only; reveal sex and blood typr
- fetal dna is sig smaller than faternal
- this is a non- invasive fetal assessment
Chronic Vilus Sampling(CVS)
is a diagnostic procedure that in which a small sample of the placenta (chorionic villi) are obtained for genetic testing.
removing a sample from the blood placenta
• contains embryonic cells
• invasive
• performed after 10 weeks of gestation
• performed under ultrasound guidance
- a diagnosis test to confirm specific areas
Amniocentesis
a diagnostic procedure in which amniotic fluid is obtained for testing or to remove excess fluid (amnioreduction). Amino fluid is suctioned out to check for genetic disorders.
The fuid contains a lot of metobilizin
• contains embryonic cells and fetal metabolites
- used for screening
• invasive
• performed after 15 weeks of gestation
• performed under ultrasound guidance
