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Anatomy & Physiology Yr1 > The Integument > Flashcards

The Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Define the ‘common integument’

A

The external/outer covering of the body

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2
Q

Name the largest organ of the body

A

Integument

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3
Q

State the 4 structures that make up the Common Integument

A
  1. Skin
  2. Hair
  3. Pads
  4. Claws
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4
Q

What is the basic function of the skin?
+
What does it cover?

A

To protect the body, by creating a barrier between the body + the external environment
+
Coveres the entire body

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5
Q

Explain how the skin acts a protective structure for the body

7..

A
  1. Provides structure, containing vessels, tissues, cavities etc
  2. Specialised areas of protection, that are thick = pads
  3. Physical barrier to prevent invasion of microorganisms
  4. Allow sebacous glands to secrete sebum onto surface
  5. Waterproof barrier - almost impermeable to water (When swimming etc)
  6. Preventing the body from drying out
  7. Pigmented areas + hair = protect against damage from UV radiation
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6
Q

Explain how the skin acts a sensory structure for the body

2..

A
  1. Well supplied with different types of sensory nerve endings
    That detect;
    - Temperatures
    - Pressure
    - Touch
    - Pain
  2. Assist the body in monitoring its external environment, so can act accordingly
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7
Q

Name the gland that secerete sweat + sebum

A

Sebaceous glands

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8
Q

Explain how the skin provides + faciliates in secretion

1..

A

It contains a range of different glands, that produce secretions which secrete directly onto the surface of the skin

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9
Q

What 2 layers make up the skin?

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
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10
Q

State the lower layer that lies beneath the dermis

A

The Hypodermis
(Otherwise known as the Subcuticlar layer)

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11
Q

What 2 main areas would you find the layers, the following structures? :
1. Epidermis
1. Dermis
1. Hypodermis

A

The:
1. Footpads
1. Claws

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12
Q

What structures are including within the skin, that contributes to the overall function of the skin?

Think exocrine..

A

Glands with ducts that create + distrubute secretions, otherwise known as Exocrine glands!

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13
Q

Name 2 natural perforated openings in the skin

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Anus
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14
Q

What lines the external circumference of the mouth + anus, that aids their functions?

A

Mucous membranes

They blend into..

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15
Q

Name 2 modified skin glands, that have exocrine functions..

A
  1. Mammary glands
  2. Anal glands
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16
Q

What basic structure covers almost all areas of the Cat and Dog?

A

Hair

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17
Q

What type of cells create hair?

A

Epidermal cells

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18
Q

What are the 3 functions of hair?

A
  1. Protect the body (Immune defence)
  2. Insulate the body (Aid in thermoregulation)
  3. Aids in communication
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19
Q

What do modified epidermal cells provide the underside of the foot with?

A

They form the footpads

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20
Q

Name the hard epidermal structures protects the end of the digits?

A

Claws

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21
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A
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22
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23
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24
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25
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26
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27
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28
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29
Q
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30
Q

True or false.

Cats + Dogs can only secrete Sebum, from the Sebaceous glands if they aren’t active.

A

False, they are active!

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31
Q

What 2 areas do the active sweat glands lie on the Dog + Cat?

A

On the:
1. Footpads
2. Nose

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32
Q

Name the type of ‘hormone’ that facilitates in the identification + mating in Dogs + Cats, that are secreted from specialized skin glands

A

Pheromones

33
Q

State the 4 main layers of the skin
(Starting from the top)

A
  1. Stratum Corneum
  2. Stratum Lucidium
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum Germinativum
34
Q

Name a structure which is found in the Epidermis

A

Hair Shaft

35
Q

Name 3 structures which can be found in the Dermis

A
  1. Sensory nerves
  2. Arrector Pili muscles
  3. Sweat glands
36
Q

Name 4 potential components of the skin that can be found lying between the deep within the Dermis + the cranial portion of Hypodermis

A
  1. Motor nerves
  2. Sweat glands
  3. Veins
  4. Arteries
37
Q

Name 3 structures which can be found in the Hypodermis

A
  1. Veins
  2. Arteries
  3. Adipose tissue
38
Q

What type of tissue makes up the Epidermis?

A

Stratified Squamous epithelium

39
Q

Are new cells produced in the more superficial or deeper layers of the epidermis?

A

The deeper layers

40
Q

What type of reproduction do epithelial cells undergo?

A

Mitosis

41
Q

What is another word for dead cells?

A

Squames

42
Q

What is ‘scurf’?

A

Flakes on the surface of the skin that form as fresh skin forms below

43
Q

How often are dead cells lost?

A

Continually

44
Q

The process of shedding dead cells, helps the body do…?

A

Helps replace cells that are lost from friction + wear, with new ones

45
Q

What is another name for the ‘layers’ of the skin?

A

Strata

46
Q

True or false.

Under the hair, all skin can have different pigment colours in different areas.

A

True!

47
Q

Fun facts..

What colour of skin does a polar bear have?

A

Black!

48
Q

What is another name for Stratum Germinativum?

A

Stratum basale

49
Q

How many levels make up the Stratum basale?

A

1

50
Q

What does Stratum basale facilitate?

A

The manufacturing of new cells
+
‘Dividing’ cells

51
Q

What are the main type of cells that are found within Stratum basale?
+
What is their other name?

A

Pigmented cells
+
Also known as Melanocytes

52
Q

What is contained within Melanocytes, that contains pigment?

A

Granules of pigment

53
Q

Name 3 potential areas that could be pigemented in the Dogs + Cats

A
  1. Nose ‘pads’
  2. Foot pads
  3. Coloured areas of fur (breed specific)
54
Q

What does Stratum granulosum facilitate?

A

The beginning of the process of Keratinisation

55
Q

What shape of cells are in Stratum granulosum?

A

Flattened

56
Q

What is the process Keratinisation?

A

The process of infiltration of the structural protein, Keratin

57
Q

How does Keratin help protect the body?

A

Provides layers of cells, creating a tough layer for areas such as the footpads, to provide extra ‘wear’

58
Q

What happens in Stratum lucidum?

A

Cells lose their nuclei
+
become ‘clearer’

59
Q

What layer is most superficial?
1. Stratum granulosum
2. Stratum corneum
3. Stratum germinativum
4. Stratum lucidum

A

Stratum corneum

60
Q

Do cells in Stratum corneum have nuclei?

A

No

61
Q

Are cells in Stratum corneum alive?

A

No - they are fully keratinised

62
Q

What shape are the cells in Stratum corneum?

A

Flattened

63
Q

True or False.

The whole of the epidermis is avascular.

A

True

64
Q

True or false.

The Epidermis receives it’s supply of nutrients from the blood vessels within the dermis.

A

True

65
Q

Typically, how many layers of epidermis, that is covered in hair, be present in areas such as the abdomen?

A

‘Few cells thick’

66
Q

In areas not protected by hair, such as the Foot-pads, typically would the epidermis be much thinner or thicker?

A

Thicker

This can be better seen in patients who have cut their pads

67
Q

What layer of the skin does the epidermis lay on top of?

A

The dermis!

68
Q

What type of tissue is within the dermis and is irregularly shaped + arranged with collagen + elastic fibres?

A

Dense Connective Tissue

69
Q

What 2 structures does dense connective tissue typically contain?

A

Irregularly arranged:
1. Collagen
1. Elastic fibres

70
Q

What 3 structures are generously supplied within the dermis?

2 + 3 are different types..

A
  1. Blood vessels
  2. Nerves
  3. Sensory nerve endings
71
Q

Name another 3 further structures which could be found present within the dermis

A
  1. Hair follicles
  2. Sebaceous glands
  3. Sweat glands
72
Q

What layer does the Dermis sit on top of?

A

The Hypodermis

73
Q

Apart from ‘Hypodermis’ or ‘Subcuticular layer’, name a 3rd term that can also be used to describe this layer/

A

The Subcutis

74
Q

Is the Hypodermis actually considered a part of the ‘skin’?

A

No

75
Q

Give the name of the 3 structures that infiltrate the Hypodermis

A
  1. Loose connective tissue
  2. Adipose tissue
  3. Elastic fibres
76
Q

What, found in the Hypodermis, gives skin it’s flexibility?

A

Elastic fibres

77
Q

What technique, that you cannot perform in cat-friendly clinics, can you do, which demonstrates the skin’s flexibility?

A

Scruffing

78
Q

What layer of the skin are Subcutaneous injections adminstered into?

A

The Hypodermis

79
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology Yr1 (26 decks)

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