Practical Anatomical Exam Flashcards
What does the skull do?
Houses + protects the brain
Where is the location of the horizontal wing of the mandible?
Lower jaw
What should you note about the horizontal wing of the Mandible?
It is BILATERAL
+
Fuses at the mandibular symphysis
What part of the vertebrae contains the Atlas + Axis?
C1 + C2, of Cervical vertebrae
C1 = Atlas
C2 = Axis
Where does the Thoracic vertebrae end?
At the last rib
State the 5 sections of the vertebrae
+
How many vertebrae are in each
- Cervical = 7
- Thoracic = 13
- Lumbar = 7
- Sacral = 3
- Coccygeal = +/- 20
What should mention about the last rib?
T13 = deemed as ‘floating’
What is the proper name given to the vertebrae of the Sternum?
The Sternebrae
What is the name of the start of the Sternum/Sternebrae?
Manubrium
What is the name of the end of the Sternum/Sternebrae?
Xiphoid (process)
What are the Sternebrae made of?
Cartilage
What is the proper term used to describe the shoulder blade in dogs and cats?
The Spine of the Scapular
Where is the Spine of the Scapular located?
+
How would you palpate it?
Lateral + proximal to the part of the Forelimb
+
- Find the Acromion (Caudal part of Scapula)
- Palpate the middle
Where does the Olecranon process attach?
The Ulna
Forelimb
Distal to the Patella
Where does the Patella sit?
In the Patellar Groove!
Medial
Hindlimb
What tendon inserts on the Calcaneus?
The Calcaneus Tendon
Where is the Calcaneus located?
The Hock
Hindlimb
Distal to the Patella
Where are the Wings of the Ileum?
- The ‘hips’
+ - At the end of the Lumbar vertebrae
What term should you use to explain the Wings of the Ileum?
They are Bilateral !
Where is the Ischium?
The Pubis
(The caudal part)
Where is Quadriceps Femoris?
The cranial part of the HINDLIMB
How many muscles make up the Quadriceps?
+
Name them!
4
+
-
Rectus Femoris
(Superficial) - Intermedius Vastus Femoris
- Medialis Vastus Femoris
- Lateralis Vastus Femoris
What type of muscles are the Quadriceps?
+
How can you palpate them?
INTRINSIC
+
You cannot!
Due to other structures such as Fascia covering it!
What directional terms should use when identifying Quadriceps Femoris?
CAUDAL to the Sartorius
+
DISTAL to the Gluteal Group
What region do the Epaxial muscles sit?
Lumbar
What structure runs in-between the Epaxial muscles?
The DORSAL aspect of the Spine
Specifically = mainly Cervical > Thoracic > Lumbar (Ends around Sacral?)
What can the Epaxial muscles be used for?
IM injections
What is the largest muscle group on the Hindlimb?
Biceps Femoris!
Where is Biceps Femoris on the dog?
The Lateral-distal aspect of the Hindlimb
Where does the Gastrocnemius follow up from, on the Hindlimb?
From the Calcaneus
Dorsal aspect..
What is another word for the Achilles tendon?
The Calcaneus tendon!
Is the Achilles cranial to the Calcaneus?
Yes!
Distal
Hindlimb
What are the 2 aspects/directional terms used to describe the FRONT paw called?
- Dorsal = on top
- Palmar = underneath
What are the 2 aspects/directional terms used to describe the HIND paw called?
- Dorsal = on top
- Plantar = underneath
What fossa does the Femur sit in?
The Acetabular fossa
What part of the Femur sits in the Acetabular fossa?
The Head of the Femur
Define ‘Trochanter’ of the Femur
- Trochanter = One of the bony prominences toward the near end of the thighbone (the femur).
- There are two aspects of the Femur =
The Greater trochanter + Lesser Trochanter - The Greater trochanter is a process on the lateral part of the proximal extremity of femur.
- It is the attachment for medial, accessory and deep gluteal muscles.
What portion of the body is the Trochanter located?
Hind
/
Caudal
Limbs
What portion of the body is Brachii located?
Front
/
Cranial
Limbs
Define the term ‘Extrinsic’
Superficial
External
Define the term ‘Intrinsic’
Deep
Within
Define the term ‘Protraction’
Forwards
Define the term ‘Retraction’
Backwards
Define the term ‘Extensor’
Cranial
Define the term ‘Flexor’
Caudal
Define the term ‘Axial’
Towards the Axis
Define the term ‘Abaxial’
Away from the Axis
Is the Cephalic vein located in the front or hind limbs?
Front
Use 2 directional terms to describe the location of the Cephalic vein on the forelimb
The
Medial + Distal
aspect of the forelimb
State the 4 main uses for the Cephalic vein
- Introduction of Catheters
- Taking blood samples
- Injecting IV medications
- Injecting sedation for vairous procedures
What directional term is important to use when talking about the Jugular veins?
You guessed it, they’re Bilateral!
What veins sit eitherside of the trachea, bilaterally?
The Jugular veins
What inlet do the Jugular veins enter?
The Thoracic inlet
Where are the Saphenous veins located?
On the DISTAL aspect of the hindlimbs, LATERALLY
If you feel down the armpit, into the medial part of the forelimb, what major artery should be found here?
The Brachial artery!
Distal
Medial
Why should you not administer an IM injection into the Saphenous vein?
Because the Sciatic nerve runs straight behind it
What bone does the Sciatic nerve run across the length of?
The femur
What lateral vein can be used for blood sampling in the hindlimb?
The lateral saphenous vein
Where can the lateral saphenous vein be easily palpated?
Lateral aspect of the hock
Remember = Hock = Calcaneous
What is the Dorsal Pedal artery most commonly used for?
Blood sampling
If you’re finding it difficult to collect a sample from the dorsal pedal artery, especially in small dogs + cats, what other site could you use?
The femoral artery
Where can you easily palpate the Dorsal Pedal artery?
Just distal to the Hock (Tarsus)
+
between the 2nd + 3rd metatarsal bones
HINDLIMB
Where can you easily palpate the Femoral artery?
On the medial aspect of the thigh
+
Ventral to the inguinal region
+
Proximal to the stifle
Why are the Jugular veins more preffered over other peripheral veins, for venous blood sampling?
Because it minimizes the potential for cell damage, in comparison to the other peripheral veins
What 3 veins are preffered for venous sampling?
- Jugular vein
- Cephalic vein
- Lateral saphenous vein
