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Anatomy > The Gut Tube > Flashcards

The Gut Tube Flashcards

1
Q

where does the oesophagus begin

A

at cricoid cartilage
C6

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2
Q

what are the three parts of the oesophagus and where are they foundq

A

cervical
thoracic - posterior mediastinum
abdominal - after diaphragm

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3
Q

what are the 4 constrictions of the oesophagus

A

boundary between pharynx and oesophagus
where it passes aorta
left main bronchus
where is crosses diaphragm

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4
Q

what level does the oesophagus cross the diaphragm

A

T10

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5
Q

what part of the stomach lies close the diaphragm and why is this clinically relevant

A

fundus
can irritate diaphragm in disease

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6
Q

how is the fundus of the stomach defined

A

the area above the entrance of the oesophagus

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7
Q

where is the cardial notch found

A

notch between oesophagus entering and fundus

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8
Q

where is the cardia of the stomach

A

where the oesophagus enters

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9
Q

which direction do the gastric rugae point

A

longitudinal and point towards pylorus

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10
Q

name the 4 parts of duodenum

A

superior
descending
inferior
ascending

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11
Q

which parts of the duodenum and intra and retroperitoneal

A

superior (first part) - intra
rest is retro

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12
Q

what are the two openings into the duodenum

A

major and minor duodenal papilla

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13
Q

what drains into dudoneum by the minor duodenal papilla

A

accessory pancreatic duct

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14
Q

what drains into the duodenum by the major duodenal papilla

A

main bile duct and pancreatic duct

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15
Q

which has a thicker wall and larger diameter - jejenum or ileum

A

jejunum

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16
Q

is the vasa recta longer in jejunum or ileum

A

longer

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17
Q

is there more branching/vasular arcade in jejunum or ileum

A

ileum

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18
Q

what are the folds in the jejunum called and are they longitudinal or circular

A

plicae circulares
circular

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19
Q

function of plicae circulares

A

increase surface area and nutrient absorbancy

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20
Q

which quadrant is most of the ileum found

A

lower right quadrant

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21
Q

which has more prominent plicae circulares - ilieum or jejenum

A

jejenum

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22
Q

which has more mesenteric fat - ileum or jejnum

A

ileum

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23
Q

what regulates passage of contents from ileum to cecum

A

ileocecal fold

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24
Q

what prevents reflux from cecum to ileum

A

ileocecal fold

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25
Q

what features differentiate the large intestine from the small

A

larger internal diameter
omental appendices
taweniae coli
sacculations

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26
Q

what is the name for the fat tags on the large intestine

A

omental appendices

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27
Q

what are taeniae coli

A

longitudinal muscle fibres which are continuous from the appendix along the length of the long intestine

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28
Q

what are sacculations

A

the pouches (or haustra) caused by peristalsis/action of the taeniae coli

29
Q

where is the cecum

A

inferior to the ileocecal opening

30
Q

where is the appendix found (surface anatomy)

A

mcburney’s point
1/3 of way from ASIS to umbilicus (closest to ASIS)

31
Q

where is the midgut-hindgut boundary

A

2/3 of way along transverse colon

32
Q

what suspends the transverse colon

A

transverse mesocolon

33
Q

what runs up the sides of the ascending and descending colon and why is this clinically relevant

A

paracolic gutters
not much blood supply so good site for cutting in surgery

34
Q

right colic flexure aka

A

hepatic flexure

35
Q

left colic flexure aka

A

splenic flexure

36
Q

what suspends the sigmoid colon

A

sigmoid mesocolon

37
Q

where is the sigmoid colon located

A

left lower quadrant
runs from above pelvic inlet to S3

38
Q

where does rectum begin

A

rectosigmoid junction

39
Q

is rectum retro or intra peritoneal

A

retro

40
Q

where is faecal matter stored

A

ampulla

41
Q

feature of rectum wall

A

three lateral flexure formed by transverse fold of internal rectal wall
superior
middle
inferior

42
Q

what maintains faecal continence

A

internal and external anal sphincters

43
Q

where does the rectum pierce the pelvic floor

A

ano-rectal junction

44
Q

what is anal canal located within

A

perineum

45
Q

what is the blood supply of the foregut

A

coeliac trunk

46
Q

what is the blood supply of the midgut

A

superior mesenteric

47
Q

what is the blood supply of the hindgut

A

inferior mesenteric

48
Q

what things are part of the foregut

A

distal oesophagus → stomach → duodenum (first half)

liver
gall bladder
pancreas
spleen

49
Q

what things are part of the midgut

A

duodenum (second half) → jejunum → ileum → caecum → ascending colon → transverse colon (first two thirds)

appendix

50
Q

what things are part of the hindgut

A

transverse colon (last third) → descending colon → sigmoid colon → rectum

51
Q

vertebral levels of coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries

A

coeliac - T12
superior mesenteric - L1
inferior mesenteric - L3

52
Q

how can you identify splenic artery

A

largest
tortuous course
runs along pancreas into spleen

53
Q

what veins join to form the portal vein

A

splenic and superior mesenteric

54
Q

where are the three major sites of portal-systemic anastomosis

A

oesophageal
rectal
paraumbilical

55
Q

what veins anastomose at the oesophageal portal-systemic anastomosis

A

oesophageal vein and left gastric vein

56
Q

what veins anastomose at the rectal portal-systemic anastomosis

A

superior rectal vein
inferior rectal vein

57
Q

what veins anastomose at the paraumbilical portal-systemic anastomosis

A

paraumbilical vein
epigastric veins

58
Q

what is found in the oesophagus lamina propria

A

vasculature and loose connective tissue

59
Q

describe the oesophagus muscularis mucosa of the oesophagus

A

thin double layer of smooth muscle

60
Q

what cell type lines the oesophagus epithelium

A

non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

61
Q

what forms the basal layer of the oesophagus epithelium

A

diving cells which proliferate
(similar to skin epithelium)

62
Q

describe the submucosa of the oesophagus

A

highly vascular
contains oesophageal glands that secrete mucus

63
Q

what three features of the small intestine mucosa create more surface area

A

large circular folds (plicae)
smaller folds (villi)
microvilli on epithelial lining

64
Q

describe submucosa of small intestine

A

loose connective tissue

65
Q

describe layers of muscularis externa of small intestine

A

2 layers (inner circular, outer longitudinal)

66
Q

what cells are found in the small intestine epithelium

A

tall columnar absorptive cells called enterocytes
goblet cells which secrete mucus

67
Q

describe mucosa of large intestine

A

no villi
deep crypts for salt and water retention

68
Q

what cells are found in large intestine mucosa

A

columnar absorptive cells
many goblet cells
endocrine cells
basal stem cells

69
Q

how is the longitudinal muscle arranged in the large intestine

A

into 3 bands called taeniae coli

Anatomy (10 decks)

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