Introduction to the Nervous System Flashcards
weight of human adult brain
1-1.5kg
what type of cells support neuron axons
glia
what makes up grey matter
cell bodies
what makes up white matter
myelinated axons
what type of cell is a oligodendrocyte
glial cell
what accounts for individual variation between people
the way neurons connect/where synapses are formed
where is the ventral, dorsal, rostral and caudal aspects of the spinal cord
rostral - closest to brain
caudal - furthest from brain
ventral - anterior
dorsal - posterior
where is the diencephalon
superior to the brain stem
what is a gyrus and what is gyrification
ridge on brain
process of making gyrus
where does all conscious activity take place
in cerebral hemispheres
where is the great longitudinal fissure
separates right and left hemispheres
what makes up the corpus callosum
bundle of white matetr
what fissure defines the temporal lobe boundary
lateral fissure superior to temporal lobe
what grooves defines the frontal lobe boundary
central sulcus posterior to frontal lobe
lateral fissure inferior to frontal lobe
what lobes does the central sulcus divide
frontal lobe and parietal lobe
function of prefrontal lobe
planning complex movements
thinking
function of frontal lobe
motor - premotor and primary motor areas
what lobe is the somatosensory area found
parietal
what is the funciton of broca’s area
motor speech
what is the function of wenickes area
sensory speech
brodmann’s area number for primary motor
4
brodmann’s area number for primary somatosensory area
1,2,3
brodmann’s area number for primary visual area
17
brodmann’s area number for Broca’s area
44, 45
brodmann’s area number for primary auditory area
41,42
what are association fibres
connect within the same hemisphere
what are commissural fibres
connections between hemispheres
what are projection fibres
connect cortex to sub-cortical areas
4 parts of diencephalon
epithalamus
thalamus
subthalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus aka
pineal gland
function of epithalamus
regulation of sleep
function of thalamsu
sorting centre
is the thalamus one or two structurs
one but has r and l half
parts of brain stem
superior to inferior
midbrain
pons
medulla
what emerges from brain stem
10 of 12 cranial nerves
where does the cerebellum attach to the rest of the brain
to brain stem and not cerebrum
by the superior, middle and inferior peduncles
function of cerebellum
coodinating movement
what structure connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
vermis
what feature is seen on the surface of the cerebellum
grooves known as folia
what are the peduncles of the cerebellum made of
white matter
def. of fasciculus
a group of axons
def. of lamina
a thin layer
def. of tract
a group of axons having a similar origin/destination
where are the spinal cord enlargements and why are they there
cervical and lumbar regions for limbs
where does the spinal cord terminate
L1/2
does the meninges stop at the same level as the spinal cord
no continues past end of spinal cord
what is conus medularis
cone shaped portion at the distal end of the spinal cord
what keeps the distal spinal cord in place
filum terminale - fibrous cord tethered to coccyx
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there
31
where is a lumbar puncture performed
in region of spinal cord meniges below the conus meduallaris
how many of each type of spinal nerves are there
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
is grey matter inside or outside of spinal cord
inside
how does the proportion of white to grey matter change and the spinal cord goes from cervical to sacral
proportion of white matter decreases
where does sensory information enter the spinal cord
dorsal horn
where does motor information leave the spinal cord
ventral horn
how can you tell the orientation of a cross section of spinal cord
dorsal horn grey matter reaches right to edges - not the case in ventral
what kind of information is carried in spinal nerves
mixed - sensory and motor
what is a slipped disc
herneation of nucleus polposus (centre of intervertebral disc) through annulus fibrosis (outer layer of intervertebral disc) which puts pressure on spinal cord
what are the layers of the meninges from closest to brain/spinal cord to furthest
pia mater
arachnoid mater
dura mater
what is the name for inflammation of meninges
menigitis
charcateristic of dura
rubbery
characteristic of arachnoid mater
thinner than dura
finger like projections
what fills the great longitudinal fissure
a fold of dura called the falx cerebri
what separates the oxipital lobe from the cerebellum
the terntoium cerebelli
where is the extradural space
between dura and verterbrae
why does the brain need such a rich blood supply
it cannot store energy so needs continuous supply to avoid cell death
which major blood vessels supply the brain
internal carotid
verterbral
draw a diagram of the circle of wilis
what are the cerebral arteries from the circle of willis
anterior
middle
posterior
what are the cerebellar arteries from the circle of willis
superior
anterior inferior
posterior inferior
learn which regions of the brain are supplied by what artery
where does the venous drainage of the brain go
drains into internal jugular vein from multiple venous sinuses
how does blood get to the spinal cord
travel from heart to brain
then goes down anterior spinal artery to spinal cord
there’s also a posterior spinal artery
what artery leaves the spinal cord with the spinal nerve
radicular artery
what are the names of the ventricles of the brian
lateral ventricles
third ventricle
fourth ventricle
what fills the ventricles
CSF
what is the pathway of the CSF through the ventricles
lateral ventricles → interventricular foramen → 3rd ventricle → 4th ventricle → lateral apertures → subarachnoid space
