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Anatomy > Renal and Urology > Flashcards

Renal and Urology Flashcards

1
Q

difference between ureter and urethra

A

ureter between kidneys and bladder

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2
Q

what structure do kidneys lie within

A

posterior abdominal wall

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3
Q

which ribs overlie kidneys

A

left - XI and XII
right - XII

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4
Q

at what vertebral level are the hila of the kidneys

A

left - IVD of L1/2
right - body of L2

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5
Q

which nerves overlie the kidneys and why is this important clinically

A

upper nerves of lumbosacral plexus - subcostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal

need to not damage in surgery

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6
Q

order these from superior to inferior
iliohypogastric, subcostal, ilioinguinal

A

subcostal
iliohypogastric
ilioinguinal

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7
Q

what four layers surround the kidney from closest to the kidney to the peritoneum

A

renal capsule
perinephric fat
renal fascia
paranephric fat

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8
Q

describe the fluid flow through the kidneys

A

cortex → medulla → papilla → minor calyx → major calyx renal pelvis → ureter

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9
Q

which structure sit more anteriorly - venous or arterial

A

venous

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10
Q

which structure sits on the left of the other - IVC or abdominal aorta (in the body not when you are looking at it)

A

aorta

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11
Q

which artery emerges from the aorta just superiorly to the right renal vein

A

superior mesenteric

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12
Q

which is longer the right or left renal vein

A

left

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13
Q

which is longer the right or left renal artery

A

right

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14
Q

what are the ureters

A

muscular tubes

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15
Q

how is urine moved through ureters

A

by peristalsis and gravity

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16
Q

how long are ureters

A

25-30cm

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17
Q

what aspect of the kidneys do ureters emerge from

A

posteroinferior

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18
Q

what are the three common constrictions and why are they clinically important

A

sites where renal stones commonly develop and get lodged
1. uteropelvic junction
2. crossing pelvic brim/common iliac bifurcation
3. entrance to bladder

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19
Q

why is where the ureter passes the common iliac bifurcation a common constriction

A

pulsing of blood slows flow in ureter

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20
Q

ureter blood supply

A

top - renal arteries
middle - common iliac a. (and sometimes gonadal a., abdominal aorta, peritoneal branches)
bottom - vesical arteries

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21
Q

what muscle makes up most of the bladder wall

A

detrusor muscle

22
Q

layers of detrusor muscle

A

inner longitudinal layer
middle circular layer
outer longitudinal layer

23
Q

which part of the bladder is under voluntary control

A

external urethral sphincter

24
Q

what kind of muscle and control is the detrussor muscle

A

smooth muscle
autonomic control

25
Q

what is the non contractile area of the bladder wall called

A

trigone

26
Q

what is the purpose of the trigone

A

ensures openings to the bladder - ureteric and internal urethral openings - stay open when muscle contracts

27
Q

what is the name of the hole in the inferior aspect of the bladder leading to the urethra

A

internal urethral orifice

28
Q

what muscle surrounds the internal urethral orifice

A

internal urethral sphincter

29
Q

is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary

A

involuntary

30
Q

where does the blood supply to the bladder arise from

A

the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery

31
Q

what arteries supply the bladder

A

superior vesical artery
inferior vesical artery/vaginal artery
in females - branches from uterine artery

32
Q

what is the blood supply to the bladder from the internal iliac a.

A
  1. internal iliac a. → anterior trunk of internal iliac a. → umbilical artery → superior vesical artery
  2. internal iliac a. → anterior trunk of internal iliac a. → inferior vesical artery
33
Q

what type of tube is the urethra

A

fibromuscular

34
Q

what structure originates from the neck of the trigone

A

urethra

35
Q

where does the urethra terminate

A

external urethral orifice

36
Q

length of female urethra

A

3-4cm

37
Q

which direction does the female urethra curve

A

slightly anteriorly

38
Q

who is more at risk of UTIs and why - male or female

A

female as shorter urethra

39
Q

length of male urethra

A

20cm

40
Q

what are the two curvatures of the male urethra and what are the clinical implications

A

complicates catheterisation
infra-pubic - anterior - at bulb of penis
pre-pubic - inferior - at base of penis

41
Q

what are the four regions of the male urethra

A

pre-prostatic
prostatic
membranous
spongy

42
Q

where is the membranous segment of the male urethra found

A

within pelvic cavity

43
Q

which region of the kidney stains darker

A

cortex

44
Q

what are medullary rays in kidney

A

collections of tubules/ducts travelling together through into the medulla

45
Q

what type of cells form bowmans capsule

A

simple squamous epithelium

46
Q

where do blood vessels enter and exit bowman’s capsule

A

vascular pole

47
Q

does the basic mucosa of the urinary system have a similar structure from the renal papilla to urethra

A

yes

48
Q

what cells line the urinary tract

A

umbrella cells

49
Q

how does the uroepithelium change towards the bladder

A

no. of intermediate layers increase closer to the bladder

50
Q

How many smooth muscle layers are found in different parts of the ureter and what orientation are the layers

A

2 proximally - longitudinal and circular
3 distally - longitudinal, circular, longitudinal

51
Q

what are the layers of the bladder

A

urothelium
- high no. of IC layers
lamina propria
3 layers smooth muscles
- longitudinal, circular, longitudinal

Anatomy (10 decks)

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