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Anatomy > Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid and Pancreas > Flashcards

Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid and Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

functions of hypothalamus

A

control of homeostasis
- autonomic responses
- temperature regulation
- food and water intake
- emotion and behaviours
- circadian rhythms
- endocrine control

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2
Q

hypothalamic lesions can cause disorders in what

A

obesity
wasting
sleep
hypo/hyperthermia
sexual development
impotence
emotional

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3
Q

anterior border of hypothalamus

A

anterior commissure

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4
Q

superior border of hypothalamus

A

hypothalamic sulcus

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5
Q

what makes up the hypothalamus

A

collection of nuclei (cell bodies)

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6
Q

what two nuclei of the hypothalamus are capable of releasing hormones into the general circulation

A

paraventricular
supraoptic

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7
Q

what info does the limbic system give to the hypothalamus

A

instinctive and learned behaviours
e.g. feeding, reprodcution

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8
Q

where does hypothalamus get info about physical and chemical and hormonal state of the body

A

circulating blood

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9
Q

state of arousal info gets to hypothalamus via

A

reticular formation directly or via thalamus

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10
Q

the autonomic nervous system tells the hypothalamus about

A

chemical constituents in fluid filled cavities
pressure in smooth muscle walls

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11
Q

where does the hypothalamus send info about motor behaviour

A

limbic system
thalamus

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12
Q

what connects the HT to the pitutary

A

infundibulum

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13
Q

posterior pituitary aka

A

neurohypophysis

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14
Q

anterior pituitary aka

A

adenohypophysis

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15
Q

developmental origin of posterior pituitary

A

expansion of distal infundibulum

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16
Q

developmental origin of anteriro pituitary

A

upgrowatb from roof of primitive oral cavity

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17
Q

where is pituitary found

A

hypophyseal fossa

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18
Q

how is the pituitary accessed in surgey

A

via the sphenoid sinus

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19
Q

what covers the pituitary

A

shelf of dura called the sellar diaphragm

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20
Q

how is hormone release from the anterior pituitary controlled

A

hormones transported to median eminence in HT axons
hormones released from hypothalamus by endocytosis into pituitary portal system

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21
Q

what feature of the pituitary portal system allows hormones to be taken up into it

A

fenestrated capillaries (blood vessels with holes)

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22
Q

what 6 hormones are released from the anterior pituitary

A

prolactin
growth hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
FSH
LH
ACTH

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23
Q

what stimulates release of ACTH

A

CRH

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24
Q

what stimulates release of LH and FSH

A

LHRH

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25
Q

what stimulates release of TSH

A

TRH

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26
Q

what stimulates release of GH

A

GHRH

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27
Q

what stimulates release of prolactin

A

PRH

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28
Q

what inhibits release of GH

A

GHIH

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29
Q

what inhibits release of prolactin

A

PIH

30
Q

function of ACTH

A

stimulates adrenal gland production of sex homrones and corticosteorid

31
Q

function of GH

A

growth in epiphyseal cartilage

32
Q

function of TSH

A

thyroxine production from thyroid

33
Q

function of prolactin

A

lactogenesis

34
Q

what cell statuses are seen in anterior pituitary histology and how can you tell them apart

A

chromphils - cells about to release hormone - cytoplasm will be darkly stained
chromophobes - cells which have just released homrone

35
Q

what cell type makes GH

A

somatotrophs

36
Q

mamotrophs produce

A

prolactin

37
Q

what type of neuron is in the post. pituitary

A

magnocellular

38
Q

hormone release from post. pituitray

A
  1. hormones synthesised in neuron in HT
  2. pass down axons bound to glycoproteins
  3. hormones stored in distened terminal end of axon
  4. release is contolled by nerve impulses (neurosecretion)
39
Q

which nucleus and hormone controls milk production and uterine contraction

A

paraventricular
oxytocin

40
Q

which nucleus and hormone controls water uptake in kidneys and does it increase or decrease water reabsorption

A

supra optic nucleus
vasopressin
increase reuptake

41
Q

which is more cell sparse - ant. or post. pituitary

A

postrior

42
Q

what features can be seen in post. pituitary histology and what are their functions

A

herring bodies - distended ends of terminal axon where hormones are released
pituicytes - supporting cells

43
Q

what blood vessels supply the HT and pituitary

A

superior hypophyseal - branch of internal carotid
inferior hypophyseal

44
Q

what 3 things are produced by thyroid gland

A

T3
T4
calcitonin

45
Q

is t3 or t4 thyroxin

A

4

46
Q

basic structure of thyroid gland

A

right and left lobe joined by isthmus

47
Q

where are thyroid hormones stored and in what form

A

inactive - called thyroglobin
extracellular spaces

48
Q

function of T4 and T3

A

regulates basal metabolic rate

49
Q

function of calcitonin

A

blood calcium level regulation

50
Q

what blood vessels supply the thyroid and what are they branches of

A

superior thyroid - 1st branch of the external carotid
inferior thyroid - branch of thyrocervical trunk - which is a branch of subclavian

51
Q

venous drainage of the thyroid and where they drain to

A

superior and middle thyroid veins - internal jugular
inferior thryoid vein - brachiocephalic

52
Q

why does the thyroid have a rich venous drainage

A

brachiocephalic

53
Q

feature of thyroid histology

A

big colloid for extracellular storage of hormones

54
Q

function of PT gland

A

secrete PTH which regulares serum calciuum and phosphate levels

55
Q

no. of PT glands

A

usually 4

56
Q

blood supply to PT glands

A

mainly inferior thyroid a.

57
Q

venuos drainage to PT glands

A

drains to thyroid venous plexus

58
Q

cells seen in PT gland histology

A

adipocytes
chief/principle cells
oxyphil cells
capillary

59
Q

which cells make PTH

A

chief/priniciple cells

60
Q

which panreatic cells have exocrine function and what do they secrete

A

acinar cells
pancreatic juice

61
Q

pancreatic alpha cells secrete

A

glucagon

62
Q

glucagon effect on blood glucose

A

increases

63
Q

pancreatic beta cells secrete

A

insulin

64
Q

insulin effect on blood glucose

A

decresaes

65
Q

pancreatic delta cells secrete

A

somatostatin

66
Q

what is the hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

where common bile duct meets pancreatic duct

67
Q

where does the pancreas sit in relation or aorta branches

A

between coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric

68
Q

describe blood supply to pancreas

A

aorta → coeliac trunk → common hepatic → gastroduodenal → anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal
aorta → coeliac trunk → splenic →great pancreatic
aorta → superior mesenteric → anterior and posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal

69
Q

where is blood drained to from the pancreas

A

portal vein → liver

70
Q

veins which drain the pancreas

A

splenic → superior mesenteric → portal vein → liver
superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal veins → superior mesenteric → portal vein → liver

71
Q

which veins join to form the portal vein

A

superior mesenteric
sometimes inferior mestenteric
splenic

72
Q

are pancreatic islets darker or lighter stained in histology

A

lighter

Anatomy (10 decks)

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