Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid and Pancreas

Question 1

functions of hypothalamus

Answer 1

control of homeostasis
- autonomic responses
- temperature regulation
- food and water intake
- emotion and behaviours
- circadian rhythms
- endocrine control

Question 2

hypothalamic lesions can cause disorders in what

Answer 2

obesity
wasting
sleep
hypo/hyperthermia
sexual development
impotence
emotional

Question 3

anterior border of hypothalamus

Answer 3

anterior commissure

Question 4

superior border of hypothalamus

Answer 4

hypothalamic sulcus

Question 5

what makes up the hypothalamus

Answer 5

collection of nuclei (cell bodies)

Question 6

what two nuclei of the hypothalamus are capable of releasing hormones into the general circulation

Answer 6

paraventricular
supraoptic

Question 7

what info does the limbic system give to the hypothalamus

Answer 7

instinctive and learned behaviours
e.g. feeding, reprodcution

Question 8

where does hypothalamus get info about physical and chemical and hormonal state of the body

Answer 8

circulating blood

Question 9

state of arousal info gets to hypothalamus via

Answer 9

reticular formation directly or via thalamus

Question 10

the autonomic nervous system tells the hypothalamus about

Answer 10

chemical constituents in fluid filled cavities
pressure in smooth muscle walls

Question 11

where does the hypothalamus send info about motor behaviour

Answer 11

limbic system
thalamus

Question 12

what connects the HT to the pitutary

Answer 12

infundibulum

Question 13

posterior pituitary aka

Answer 13

neurohypophysis

Question 14

anterior pituitary aka

Answer 14

adenohypophysis

Question 15

developmental origin of posterior pituitary

Answer 15

expansion of distal infundibulum

Question 16

developmental origin of anteriro pituitary

Answer 16

upgrowatb from roof of primitive oral cavity

Question 17

where is pituitary found

Answer 17

hypophyseal fossa

Question 18

how is the pituitary accessed in surgey

Answer 18

via the sphenoid sinus

Question 19

what covers the pituitary

Answer 19

shelf of dura called the sellar diaphragm

Question 20

how is hormone release from the anterior pituitary controlled

Answer 20

hormones transported to median eminence in HT axons
hormones released from hypothalamus by endocytosis into pituitary portal system

Question 21

what feature of the pituitary portal system allows hormones to be taken up into it

Answer 21

fenestrated capillaries (blood vessels with holes)

Question 22

what 6 hormones are released from the anterior pituitary

Answer 22

prolactin
growth hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
FSH
LH
ACTH

Question 23

what stimulates release of ACTH

Answer 23

CRH

Question 24

what stimulates release of LH and FSH

Answer 24

LHRH

Question 25

what stimulates release of TSH

Answer 25

TRH

Question 26

what stimulates release of GH

Answer 26

GHRH

Question 27

what stimulates release of prolactin

Answer 27

PRH

Question 28

what inhibits release of GH

Answer 28

GHIH

Question 29

what inhibits release of prolactin

Answer 29

PIH

Question 30

function of ACTH

Answer 30

stimulates adrenal gland production of sex homrones and corticosteorid

Question 31

function of GH

Answer 31

growth in epiphyseal cartilage

Question 32

function of TSH

Answer 32

thyroxine production from thyroid

Question 33

function of prolactin

Answer 33

lactogenesis

Question 34

what cell statuses are seen in anterior pituitary histology and how can you tell them apart

Answer 34

chromphils - cells about to release hormone - cytoplasm will be darkly stained chromophobes - cells which have just released homrone

Question 35

what cell type makes GH

Answer 35

somatotrophs

Question 36

mamotrophs produce

Answer 36

prolactin

Question 37

what type of neuron is in the post. pituitary

Answer 37

magnocellular

Question 38

hormone release from post. pituitray

Answer 38

1. hormones synthesised in neuron in HT 2. pass down axons bound to glycoproteins 3. hormones stored in distened terminal end of axon 4. release is contolled by nerve impulses (neurosecretion)

Question 39

which nucleus and hormone controls milk production and uterine contraction

Answer 39

paraventricular oxytocin

Question 40

which nucleus and hormone controls water uptake in kidneys and does it increase or decrease water reabsorption

Answer 40

supra optic nucleus vasopressin increase reuptake

Question 41

which is more cell sparse - ant. or post. pituitary

Answer 41

postrior

Question 42

what features can be seen in post. pituitary histology and what are their functions

Answer 42

herring bodies - distended ends of terminal axon where hormones are released pituicytes - supporting cells

Question 43

what blood vessels supply the HT and pituitary

Answer 43

superior hypophyseal - branch of internal carotid inferior hypophyseal

Question 44

what 3 things are produced by thyroid gland

Answer 44

T3 T4 calcitonin

Question 45

is t3 or t4 thyroxin

Answer 45

4

Question 46

basic structure of thyroid gland

Answer 46

right and left lobe joined by isthmus

Question 47

where are thyroid hormones stored and in what form

Answer 47

inactive - called thyroglobin extracellular spaces

Question 48

function of T4 and T3

Answer 48

regulates basal metabolic rate

Question 49

function of calcitonin

Answer 49

blood calcium level regulation

Question 50

what blood vessels supply the thyroid and what are they branches of

Answer 50

superior thyroid - 1st branch of the external carotid inferior thyroid - branch of thyrocervical trunk - which is a branch of subclavian

Question 51

venous drainage of the thyroid and where they drain to

Answer 51

superior and middle thyroid veins - internal jugular inferior thryoid vein - brachiocephalic

Question 52

why does the thyroid have a rich venous drainage

Answer 52

brachiocephalic

Question 53

feature of thyroid histology

Answer 53

big colloid for extracellular storage of hormones

Question 54

function of PT gland

Answer 54

secrete PTH which regulares serum calciuum and phosphate levels

Question 55

no. of PT glands

Answer 55

usually 4

Question 56

blood supply to PT glands

Answer 56

mainly inferior thyroid a.

Question 57

venuos drainage to PT glands

Answer 57

drains to thyroid venous plexus

Question 58

cells seen in PT gland histology

Answer 58

adipocytes chief/principle cells oxyphil cells capillary

Question 59

which cells make PTH

Answer 59

chief/priniciple cells

Question 60

which panreatic cells have exocrine function and what do they secrete

Answer 60

acinar cells pancreatic juice

Question 61

pancreatic alpha cells secrete

Answer 61

glucagon

Question 62

glucagon effect on blood glucose

Answer 62

increases

Question 63

pancreatic beta cells secrete

Answer 63

insulin

Question 64

insulin effect on blood glucose

Answer 64

decresaes

Question 65

pancreatic delta cells secrete

Answer 65

somatostatin

Question 66

what is the hepatopancreatic ampulla

Answer 66

where common bile duct meets pancreatic duct

Question 67

where does the pancreas sit in relation or aorta branches

Answer 67

between coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric

Question 68

describe blood supply to pancreas

Answer 68

aorta → coeliac trunk → common hepatic → gastroduodenal → anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal aorta → coeliac trunk → splenic →great pancreatic aorta → superior mesenteric → anterior and posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal

Question 69

where is blood drained to from the pancreas

Answer 69

portal vein → liver

Question 70

veins which drain the pancreas

Answer 70

splenic → superior mesenteric → portal vein → liver superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal veins → superior mesenteric → portal vein → liver

Question 71

which veins join to form the portal vein

Answer 71

superior mesenteric sometimes inferior mestenteric splenic

Question 72

are pancreatic islets darker or lighter stained in histology

Answer 72

lighter