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Anatomy > Kidneys, Adrenal Glands, Testes, Ovaries, Uterus and Placenta > Flashcards

Kidneys, Adrenal Glands, Testes, Ovaries, Uterus and Placenta Flashcards

1
Q

vertebral location of kidneys

A

T12-L3

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2
Q

vertebral height of renal arteries

A

approx. L2

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3
Q

what artery do the renal arteries come out at the same level as

A

superior mesenteric

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4
Q

what cell type produces renin

A

juxtaglomerular

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5
Q

what cells produce erythropoetin

A

extraglomerular meangial cells

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6
Q

what does aldosterone do

A

increase Na resorption

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7
Q

what BP state does the RAAS get activated

A

low BP

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8
Q

what shape is the right adrenal gland

A

pyramidal

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9
Q

what shape is the left adrenal gland

A

semi lunar

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10
Q

which adrenal gland is larger

A

left

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11
Q

what at the medial relations of the right and left adrenal gland

A

right - IVC
left - stomach bed

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12
Q

blood supply to the adrenal gland

A

right/left inferior phrenic → superior adrenal
abdominal aorta (just above renal artery) → middle adrenal
right/left renal → inferior adrenal

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13
Q

what is important to remember about the venous drainage of the adrenal gland

A

it is asymmetrical

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14
Q

venous drainage of right adrenal gland

A

single right adrenal vein → IVC / right renal vein

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15
Q

venous drainage of left adrenal gland

A

collection of left adrenal veins → inferior phrenic → left renal vein → IVC

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16
Q

what do the different regions of the adrenal gland secrete

A

zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids
zona fasiculata - glucocorticoids
zona reticularis - gonadocorticoids
medulla - adrenaline and noradrenaline

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17
Q

example of and function of mineralocorticoids

A

aldosterone
maintaining water and electrolyte balance

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18
Q

example of and function of glucocorticoids

A

cortisol
regulate metabolism

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19
Q

example of and function of gonadocorticoids

A

adrenal androgen (e.g. DHEA)
development of male physical traits

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20
Q

what controls the adrenal medulla and what does it secrete and what is it’s function

A

sympathetic nervous system
adrenaline and noradrenaline
fight or flight response

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21
Q

what is the layer of tissue which covers the testes called

A

tunica vaginalis

22
Q

where does gonads blood supply orginate from

A

off of the aorta just below renal arteries (at L2)
this is due to the fact that they develop higher up in the abdomen and descend down taking their blood supply with them

23
Q

where would metastasis from a gonadal tumour drain to

A

near aorta

24
Q

venous drainage of the testes

A

pampiniform plexus surrounds testicular arteries
then blood drains to right testicular vein → IVC
left testicular vein → left renal vein

25
Q

in histology what is the dark pink stained outer layer of the testes called

A

tunica albuginea

26
Q

which cells produce testosterone

A

leydig cells

27
Q

where are leydig cells found

A

adjacent to seminiferous tubules

28
Q

what do leydig cells produce

A

testosterone
anderostenedione
DHEA

29
Q

what structure do the ovaries sit within

A

mesovarium

30
Q

which ligaments hold the ovary in place

A

suspensory ligament - superior to ovary
proper ovarian ligament - medial to ovary - joins to uterus
broad ligament - inferior to ovary
(mesovarium - between fallopian tube and ovary and proper ovarian liagment)

31
Q

blood supply to ovary

A

aorta → ovarian artery
travels down suspensory ligament of oivary

32
Q

ovarian venous drainage

A

same as testes
pampiniform plexus surrounds ovarian arteries
then blood drains to right testicular vein → IVC
left testicular vein → left renal vein

33
Q

what is the medulla of the ovary and what is found within it

A

fibrous tissue
blood vessels
nerves
space which isn’t developing follicles

34
Q

what stimulates and inhibits hypothalamus to secrete GnRH

A

oestrogen alone stimulates
oestrogen ad progesterone - inhibits

35
Q

uterus blood supply

A

internal iliac → uterine artery

36
Q

where does ureter go in relation to the uterine artery

A

ureter goes under artery

37
Q

uterus venous drainage

A

plexus of veins which drains into uterine vein → internal iliac vein

38
Q

what are the three layers of the uterus wall from outer to inner

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium (splits into basal and functional layers)

39
Q

what is the myometirum made of

A

neurovasculature and smooth muscle

40
Q

what are the three phases of the uterus wall in the menstrual cycle

A

proliferative phase
secretory phase
menstrual phase

41
Q

what is the key hormone produced by the placenta

A

human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

42
Q

which side of the placenta is smooth and which side is rough

A

smooth - foetal
rough - maternal

43
Q

what is placenta previa

A

when placenta covers some or all of the cervix

44
Q

when is the placenta formed

A

when the blastocysts implants in the endometrium of the uterus

45
Q

what does the foetal portion of the placenta consist of

A

the chorionic plate and its branching chorionic villi which contain foetal blood

46
Q

what does the materal portion of the placenta consist of

A

decidua basalis of the endometrium which contrains maternal blood from maternal arteeriorles

47
Q

which structure in the placenta produces hCG

A

chorionic villus
(human chorionic gonatorphin)

48
Q

what is the luteal-placental shift and when does it occur

A

week 8 of pregnancy
the placenta takes over secretion of progesterone from the corpus luteum

49
Q

function of progesterone

A

maintain pregnancy
inhibits myometirum from uterine contractions

50
Q

function of oestrodiol in pregnancy

A

promote uterine blood flow
promtoes cervical softening and expressionof myometrial oxytocin receptors

Anatomy (10 decks)

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