Kidneys, Adrenal Glands, Testes, Ovaries, Uterus and Placenta

Question 1

vertebral location of kidneys

Answer 1

T12-L3

Question 2

vertebral height of renal arteries

Answer 2

approx. L2

Question 3

what artery do the renal arteries come out at the same level as

Answer 3

superior mesenteric

Question 4

what cell type produces renin

Answer 4

juxtaglomerular

Question 5

what cells produce erythropoetin

Answer 5

extraglomerular meangial cells

Question 6

what does aldosterone do

Answer 6

increase Na resorption

Question 7

what BP state does the RAAS get activated

Answer 7

low BP

Question 8

what shape is the right adrenal gland

Answer 8

pyramidal

Question 9

what shape is the left adrenal gland

Answer 9

semi lunar

Question 10

which adrenal gland is larger

Answer 10

left

Question 11

what at the medial relations of the right and left adrenal gland

Answer 11

right - IVC
left - stomach bed

Question 12

blood supply to the adrenal gland

Answer 12

right/left inferior phrenic → superior adrenal
abdominal aorta (just above renal artery) → middle adrenal
right/left renal → inferior adrenal

Question 13

what is important to remember about the venous drainage of the adrenal gland

Answer 13

it is asymmetrical

Question 14

venous drainage of right adrenal gland

Answer 14

single right adrenal vein → IVC / right renal vein

Question 15

venous drainage of left adrenal gland

Answer 15

collection of left adrenal veins → inferior phrenic → left renal vein → IVC

Question 16

what do the different regions of the adrenal gland secrete

Answer 16

zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids
zona fasiculata - glucocorticoids
zona reticularis - gonadocorticoids
medulla - adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 17

example of and function of mineralocorticoids

Answer 17

aldosterone
maintaining water and electrolyte balance

Question 18

example of and function of glucocorticoids

Answer 18

cortisol
regulate metabolism

Question 19

example of and function of gonadocorticoids

Answer 19

adrenal androgen (e.g. DHEA)
development of male physical traits

Question 20

what controls the adrenal medulla and what does it secrete and what is it’s function

Answer 20

sympathetic nervous system
adrenaline and noradrenaline
fight or flight response

Question 21

what is the layer of tissue which covers the testes called

Answer 21

tunica vaginalis

Question 22

where does gonads blood supply orginate from

Answer 22

off of the aorta just below renal arteries (at L2)
this is due to the fact that they develop higher up in the abdomen and descend down taking their blood supply with them

Question 23

where would metastasis from a gonadal tumour drain to

Answer 23

near aorta

Question 24

venous drainage of the testes

Answer 24

pampiniform plexus surrounds testicular arteries
then blood drains to right testicular vein → IVC
left testicular vein → left renal vein

Question 25

in histology what is the dark pink stained outer layer of the testes called

Answer 25

tunica albuginea

Question 26

which cells produce testosterone

Answer 26

leydig cells

Question 27

where are leydig cells found

Answer 27

adjacent to seminiferous tubules

Question 28

what do leydig cells produce

Answer 28

testosterone anderostenedione DHEA

Question 29

what structure do the ovaries sit within

Answer 29

mesovarium

Question 30

which ligaments hold the ovary in place

Answer 30

suspensory ligament - superior to ovary proper ovarian ligament - medial to ovary - joins to uterus broad ligament - inferior to ovary (mesovarium - between fallopian tube and ovary and proper ovarian liagment)

Question 31

blood supply to ovary

Answer 31

aorta → ovarian artery travels down suspensory ligament of oivary

Question 32

ovarian venous drainage

Answer 32

same as testes pampiniform plexus surrounds ovarian arteries then blood drains to right testicular vein → IVC left testicular vein → left renal vein

Question 33

what is the medulla of the ovary and what is found within it

Answer 33

fibrous tissue blood vessels nerves space which isn't developing follicles

Question 34

what stimulates and inhibits hypothalamus to secrete GnRH

Answer 34

oestrogen alone stimulates oestrogen ad progesterone - inhibits

Question 35

uterus blood supply

Answer 35

internal iliac → uterine artery

Question 36

where does ureter go in relation to the uterine artery

Answer 36

ureter goes under artery

Question 37

uterus venous drainage

Answer 37

plexus of veins which drains into uterine vein → internal iliac vein

Question 38

what are the three layers of the uterus wall from outer to inner

Answer 38

perimetrium myometrium endometrium (splits into basal and functional layers)

Question 39

what is the myometirum made of

Answer 39

neurovasculature and smooth muscle

Question 40

what are the three phases of the uterus wall in the menstrual cycle

Answer 40

proliferative phase secretory phase menstrual phase

Question 41

what is the key hormone produced by the placenta

Answer 41

human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

Question 42

which side of the placenta is smooth and which side is rough

Answer 42

smooth - foetal rough - maternal

Question 43

what is placenta previa

Answer 43

when placenta covers some or all of the cervix

Question 44

when is the placenta formed

Answer 44

when the blastocysts implants in the endometrium of the uterus

Question 45

what does the foetal portion of the placenta consist of

Answer 45

the chorionic plate and its branching chorionic villi which contain foetal blood

Question 46

what does the materal portion of the placenta consist of

Answer 46

decidua basalis of the endometrium which contrains maternal blood from maternal arteeriorles

Question 47

which structure in the placenta produces hCG

Answer 47

chorionic villus (human chorionic gonatorphin)

Question 48

what is the luteal-placental shift and when does it occur

Answer 48

week 8 of pregnancy the placenta takes over secretion of progesterone from the corpus luteum

Question 49

function of progesterone

Answer 49

maintain pregnancy inhibits myometirum from uterine contractions

Question 50

function of oestrodiol in pregnancy

Answer 50

promote uterine blood flow promtoes cervical softening and expressionof myometrial oxytocin receptors