The Guide Ch3 Flashcards
How many fresh air changes per hour in an animal housing room is an acceptable guideline to maintain macroenvironmental air quality?
10-15 AC/H
Exposure to sound louder than 85 dB can have which effects?
Eosinopenia in rodents
Increased blood pressure in nonhuman primates
Reduced fertility in some animals
True or False: All poikilothermic animals are aquatic.
False - reptiles
Which type of waste should be removed regularly?
a. conventional
b. biologic
c. hazardous
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
True or False: The Guide can be used to determine the housing requirements of all species used in research.
False - there are many species used in research that are not specifically addressed in the Guide
What do ventilated caging systems provide that static caging systems don’t?
direct continuous exchange of air
Define the microenvironment
The immediate physical environment surrounding the animal
i.e….the environment in the primary enclosure such as the cage, pen, or stall
Define the macroenvironment
The physical environment of the secondary enclosure
i.e…..a room, a barn, or an outdoor habitat
Define the TNZ
Thermoneutral Zone: the ambient temperature range in which thermoregulation occurs without the need to increase metabolic heat production or activate evaporative heat loss mechanisms
What are the areas called above and below the TNZ and what happens outside the TNZ?
The lower and upper critical temperatures (LCTs & UCTs)
To maintain body temperature under a given environmental temperature animals adjust physiologically (incl metabolism) and behaviorally (nesting)
What is the TNZ for the following animals?
Mice
Rats
Gerbils
Rabbits
Cats & Dogs
Mice = 26-34C
Rats = 26-30C
Gerbils = 28-32C
Rabbits = 15-20C
Cats & Dogs = 20-25C
T/F: In general, dry-bulb temperatures should be set above at the animals’ LCT to avoid heat stress.
False: to avoid heat stress temperatures should be set BELOW the LCT, therefore animals should be provided with adequate resources for thermoregulation to avoid cold stress
Which animals generally require a temperature gradient in their environment?
Poikilotherms and young birds of some species require a thermal gradient in their primary enclosure to meet basic physiologic processes
What are the recommended dry-bulb temperatures for the following animals?
Mouse, rat, hamster, gerbil, GP
Rabbit
Cat, dog, NHP
Farm animals, poultry
Mouse, rat, hamster, gerbil, GP = 20-26C (68-79F)
Rabbit = 16-22C (61-72F)
Cat, dog, NHP = 18-29C (64-84F)
Farm animals, poultry = 16-27C (61-81F)
What is the acceptable range of relative humidity for most mammalian species?
30-70%
If exhaust air is to be recycled, how should it be treated?
The exhaust air to be recycled should be filtered, at a minimum, with 85-95% ASHRAE efficient filters to remove airborne particles before it is recycled.
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE): Assign Minimum Efficiency Reporting Values (MERV) rating to rate the effectiveness of air filters
What may happen to chickens if they are sustained in low light or dark conditions?
The will not eat
What light level parameters appear to be sufficient for animal care and do not cause clinical signs of phototoxic retinopathy in albino rats?
325 lux (30-ft candles) approximately 1 meter (3.3 ft) above the floor
Light intensity in what range above the light intensity under which an animal was raised has been reported to be near the threshold of retinal damage in some albino rats?
130-270 lux
For animals that have been shown to be susceptible to phototoxic retinopathy, light should be at what intensity in the room at cage level?
130-325 lux
How does light intensity decrease with distance from the source?
Light intensity decreases with the square of the distance from its source
When given the choice, rodents prefer what kind of flooring?
When given the choice, rodents prefer SOLID floors (with bedding) to grid or wire-mesh floors
At what frequency should enrichment programs be reviewed by the IACUC, researchers, and veterinarian?
On a “regular basis”
T/F: Enrichment affects animal phenotype and may affect the experimental outcome.
True: enrichment should be considered an independent variable and appropriately controlled
T/F: Animals maintained in outdoor runs, pens, or other large enclosures should have protection from extremes in temperature or other harsh weather conditions and adequate opportunity for retreat.
False: Animals MUST be provided these protections
At a minimum, animals must have enough space to do what?
Express their natural postures and postural adjustments without touching the enclosure walls or ceiling, be able to turn around, and have ready access to food and water.
T/F: Floor space taken up by food bowls, water containers, litter boxes, and enrichment devices should not be considered part of the floor space.
True
The Guide differs from AWRs, which allows cat litter boxes to be included in floor space calculation, provided it is “properly cleaned and sanitized.”
T/F: Adjustments to the amount and arrangement of space recommended by the Guide should be reviewed and approved by the IACUC, and should be based on performance indices related to animal well-being and research quality.
True
According to the Guide, at what frequency should dogs and cats housed individually or in smaller enclosures be allowed to exercise and be provided with positive human interaction?
No specific frequency is provided
T/F: Determination of the appropriate cage size is based solely on the body weight of the animal
False: Determination of the appropriate cage size is NOT based on the body weight of the animal alone…professional judgment is paramount in making such determinations
At what frequency should the need for single housing be reviewed by the IACUC and veterinarian?
On a “regular basis”
At what frequency should animals be fed palatable, uncontaminated diets that meet their nutritional and behavioral needs?
At least daily, or according to their particular requirements, unless the protocol requires otherwise
What is a natural-ingredient diet?
What are the storage conditions?
Natural-ingredient diets are formulated with agricultural products and byproducts and are commercially available for all common lab animal species. The nutrient composition of ingredients varies and the diets may contain low levels of naturally occurring or artificial contaminants
Storage of natural-ingredient diets at less than 21C (70F) and below 50% relative humidity is recommended.
What is the shelf-life of most natural-ingredient diets if they are properly stored?
6 months after milling
Nonstabilized vitamin C in manufactured feeds generally has a shelf life of only 3 months
What is a certified diet?
Certified diets are assayed for contaminants and are generally used in preclinical toxicology studies conducted in compliance with FDA GLP standards
What are purified diets?
What are the proper storage conditions?
Purified diets are refined such that each ingredient contains a single nutrient or nutrient class. They have less nutrient concentration variability and the potential for chemical contamination is lower.
Storage at 4C is generally recommended
What are chemically defined diets?
How should they be stored?
Chemically defined diets contain the most elemental ingredients available, such as individual amino acid or specific sugars
They should be stored at 4C
How should open bags of food be stored?
Opened bags of food should be stored in vermin-proof containers to minimize contamination and to avoid the potential spread of pathogens
What is the problem with using cedar shavings for bedding?
The are not recommended because they emit aromatic hydrocarbons that induce hepatic microsomal enzymes and cytotoxicity and have been reported to increase the incidence of cancer
What distance should bags of bedding and food be stored from walls?
A “sufficient distance” to facilitate cleaning
Define sanitation
The maintenance of environmental condtions conducive to heatlh and well-being
Involves bedding change, cleaning and disinfection
Define cleaning
Removing excessive amounts of excrement, dirt, and debris
Define disinfection
Reduces or eliminates unacceptable concentrations of microorganisms
T/F: There is no absolute minimal frequency of bedding changes
True: this is determined by professional judgement and consultation between the investigator and animal care personnel
Soild bedding should be removed and replaced as often as necessary to keep the animals clean and dry and to keep pollutants at low enough concentrations to prevent irritation to mucous membranes
In general, enclosures and accessories should be sanitized at what frequency?
Solid-bottom caging, bottles and sipper tubes usually require sanitation at what frequency?
Every 2 weeks for enclosures & accessories
Once weekly for solid-bottom caging, bottles and sipper tubes
The Guide notes that some types of cages and housing systems may require less frequent cleaning or disinfection
Effective disinfection can be achieved with wash and rine water at what temperature?
From what location in the system is that temperature taken?
143-180F
The traditional 180F temperature refers to water in the tank or in the sprayer manifold
T/F: Emergency veterinary care must be available for work hours, on weekends, and on holidays.
True
What information should be included on identification cards placed on rooms, racks, pens, or stalls?
Source of the animal
Strain or stock
Names and contact information for responsible investigators
Pertinent dates (birth, arrival, etc.)
Protocol number
T/F: As a method of ID of small rodents, toe-clipping should be used only when no other individual ID method is feasible and it may be the preferred method for neonatal mice up to 7 days of age.
True: it appears to have few adverse effects on behavior and well-being of animals this age, especially if it can be combined with genotyping
Define life support system with regard to aquatic animals
The physical structure used to contain the water and the animals as well as the ancillary equipment used to move and/or treat the water
What are the three general categories of life support systems?
- Recirculating - water is moved around a system
- Flow-through - water is constantly replaced
- Static - water is stationary and periodically replenished or replaced
What are the four general categories of water available for housing aquatic organisms?
- Treated wastewater: municipal tap water
- Surface water: rivers, lakes, oceans
- Protected water: well or aquifer water
- Artificial water: RO or distilled water
What is the function of the biologic filter (biofilter) in a life-support system?
Promote the conversion of ammonia to nitrite and nitrate via nitrifying bacteria
Nitrosomas spp convert ammonia to nitrite
Nitrobacter spp convert nitrite to nitrate
T/F: Generally, schooling fish species are housed with conspecifics, and many amphibians, especially anuran species, may be group housed
True
What is the typical stocking density of Danio rerio?
5 adult fish per liter of water
What is the typical stocking density of Xenopus laevis?
2 liters of water per frog
T/F: Latex gloves have been associated with toxicity in some amphibians
True
How is disinfection typically accomplished in aquaculture systems?
Water treatment (filtration and application of UV light or ozone)
Water changes
Excessive algal growth may be an indication in elevated levels of what elements?
Nitrogen and phosphorus, especially in the presence of light
What 3 factors determine the frequency of cleaning and disinfection of aquatic life support systems?
Water quality
Adequate viewing of animals
Animal health monitoring
What are some ID methods used for aquatic organisms?
Fin clipping
Genetic testing
ID tags
SC injections of elastomeric or other materials
Individual transponder tags
External features such as individual color patterns
What is the recommended dry bulb temperature for mice?
For what other species is this range recommended?
20-26 C
Rat, hamster, gerbil, guinea pig
What is the recommended dry bulb temperature for rabbit?
16-22 C
What is the recommended dry bulb temperature for dog?
For what other species is this range recommended?
18-29 C
Cat, NHP
What is the recommended dry bulb temperature for farm animals?
For what other animals is this range recommended?
16-27 C
What is the recommended floor area in square inches for mice housed in groups, in order of increasing weight range? What is the recommended minimum cage height in inches?
<10 g: 6
up to 15 g: 8
up to 25 g: 12
> 25 g: 15
Female with litter: 51
minimum height for mice: 5 inches
What is the recommended floor area in square inches for rats housed in groups, in order of increasing weight range? What is the recommended minimum cage height in inches?
< 100 g: 17
up to 200 g: 23
up to 300 g: 29
up to 400 g: 40
up to 500 g: 60
> 500 g: 70
Female with litter: 124
Minimum cage height: 7
What is the recommended floor area in square inches for hamsters housed in groups, in order of increasing weight range? What is the recommended minimum cage height in inches?
< 60 g : 10
up to 80 g: 13
up to 100 g: 16
> 100 g: 19
Minimum cage height 6
SAME REQUIREMENTS AS AWA
What is the recommended floor area for guinea pigs in square inches housed in groups, in order of increasing weight range? What is the recommended minimum cage height in inches?
up to 350 g: 60
> 350 g: 101
Minimum cage height 7
SAME AS AWA REQUIREMENTS
What is the recommended floor area in square feet for rabbits housed in groups, in order of increasing weight range? What is the recommended minimum cage height in inches?
< 2 kg: 1.5
2-4 kg: 3
4 -5.4 kg: 4
> 5.4 kg: 5
Same as AWA requirements
Minimum height: 16 inches (2 inches higher than AWA)
What is the recommended floor area in square feet for cats housed in groups, in order of increasing weight range? What is the recommended minimum cage height in inches?
up to 4 kg: 3
> 4 kg: 4
Minimum height 24 inches
Same as AWA requirements
What is the recommended floor area in square feet for dogs housed in groups, in order of increasing weight range? What is the recommended minimum cage height in inches?
< 15 kg: 8
up to 30 kg: 12
> 30 kg: 24
Or AWA requirement, whichever is greater
The Guide prefers enclosures that allow greater freedom of movement and unrestricted height
What is the recommended floor area in square feet for pigeons, quail, and chickets (in order of increasing weight range)? What is the recommended minimum cage height in inches?
PIgeons: 0.8 ft2
Quail: 0.25 ft2
Chickens < 0.25 kg: 0.25 ft2
up to 0.5 lkg: 0.5
up to 1.5 kg: 1.0
up to 3.0 kg: 2.0
>3.0 kg: 3.0
Cage height should be sufficient for animals to comfortably stand erect with their feet on the floor.
What is the recommended floor area in square feet for NHPs (excluding chimpanzees) housed in groups, in order of increasing weight range? What is the recommended minimum cage height in inches for each weight group?
Group 1 - up to 1.5 kg: 2.1 ft2 x 30 in
Group 2 - up to 3 kg: 3.0 ft2 x 30 in
Group 3 - up to 10 kg: 4.3 ft2 x 30 in
Group 4 - up to 15 kg: 6.0 ft2 x 32 in
Group 5 - up to 20 kg: 8 ft2 x 36 in
Group 6 - up to 25 kg: 10 ft2 x 46 in
Group 7 - up to 30 kg: 15 ft2 x 46 in
Group 8 - > 30 kg: 25 ft2 x 60 in
What is the recommended floor area in square feet for chimpanzees housed in groups, in order of increasing weight range? What is the recommended minimum cage height in inches for each weight group?
up to 10 kg: 15 ft2 x 60 in
> 10 kg: 25 ft2 x 84 in
What is the recommended floor area in square feet for swine housed individually, in order of increasing weight range?
< 15 kg: 8
up to 25 kg: 12
up to 50 kg: 15
up to 100 kg: 24
up to 200 kg: 48
> 200 kg: 60
What is the recommended floor area in square feet perswine for a group of 2-5, in order of increasing weight range?
< 25 kg: 6
up to 50 kg: 10
up to 100 kg: 20
up to 200 kg: 40
> 200 kg: 52
What is the recommended floor area in square feet per swine for a group greater than 5, in order of increasing weight range?
< 25 kg: 6
up to 50 kg: 9
up to 100 kg: 18
up to 200 kg: 36
> 200 kg: 48
